Evolution of natural killer cell receptors

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Evolution of natural killer cell receptors Dixie L Mager, Karina L McQueen, Vinnie Wee, J.Douglas Freeman Current Biology Volume 11, Issue 8, Pages 626-630 (April 2001) DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00148-8

Figure 1 Genomic Southern analysis of EcoRI-digested DNA. (a) Primate DNAs hybridized to a human exon 7 probe. (b) Mammalian DNAs hybridized to the human probe under reduced stringency. (c) Similar blot hybridized to a mix of mouse probes under identical conditions as in (b). DNA was from the following ATCC cell lines: WES (chimpanzee), ROK (gorilla), MLA144 (gibbon), CP18.SK (orangutan), 26CB-1 (baboon), CV-1 (African Green monkey), PK-2a/C113 (pig), and RBL-1 (rat). Dog, cat, and mouse (C57Bl/6) DNA was from primary tissues. Hybridization solution was as previously described [20]. The hybridization temperature for (a) was 60°C, and the final wash was at 65°C in 3× SSC and 1% SDS. (1× SSC is 0.15 M NaCl/0.015 M Na citrate.) (b, c) Hybridization and wash was at 55°C in 3× SSC and 1% SDS. (a, b) The probe was a 158 bp fragment from the human Ly49L mRNA (positions 880–1037 of accession number AF047445) [5]. (c) A mixture of cDNAs for mouse Ly49a, -b, and -c[21] was used as probe Current Biology 2001 11, 626-630DOI: (10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00148-8)

Figure 2 Sequences of human and primate DNAs in the region surrounding the exon 5 donor site. Positions identical to human are shown with dots. The G to C change in human and chimpanzee at position 123, which inactivates the exon 5 donor site, is marked with an arrow. The invariant GT at the beginning of intron 5 is overlined. The A to G change in human and chimpanzee creating the alternative donor site used in human is marked with a diamond at position 206. The overline at 206–207 shows the required GT of the alternative donor site. Divergence times for different primates are shown in Figure 4. Sequences of all PCR primers used in this study are available at www.terryfox.ubc.ca/mager.htm. PCR on primate DNAs used primers HumLy49-1, HumLy49-2, and Pfu (Stratagene). A temperature of 59°C with extension time of 30 s for 28 cycles gave products for human, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. The temperature was reduced to 52°C to obtain product from African Green monkey. Primers BabLy49-1 and HumLy49-2 were used to amplify from chimpanzee (28 cycles, 54°C, extension time 30 s). The baboon sequence was amplified using primers BabLy49-1 and 6029 (28 cycles, 50°C, extension time 60 s). PCR products were subcloned and sequenced Current Biology 2001 11, 626-630DOI: (10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00148-8)

Figure 3 Comparisons of the baboon and human Ly49L gene. (a) DNA comparison of the human cDNA clone [5] to the baboon mRNA sequence (submitted to Genbank as accession number AY028399). Bases 1–40 are from 5′ RACE clones, 41–1066 are from a Pfu-generated PCR clone, and 1067–1130 are derived from 3′ RACE. Only positions that differ from the human sequence are shown, and dots indicate that no sequence is present. The arrow marks the splice donor site that does not function in the human gene, and positions 746–827, shown with asterisks, are intronic sequence, which is incorporated into the abberantly spliced human mRNA but is not present in the baboon mRNA. The premature termination codon in the intronic region is underlined, and the normal initiation and termination codons are overlined. The nucleotide change affecting the polyadenylation signal used in baboon is boxed. (b) Amino acid comparison of baboon Ly49L to the hypothetical human protein—assuming that the human mRNA was correctly spliced. The ITIM-like motif is shown with a thick line, and the CTLD, encoded by exons 5–7, is overlined with a thinner line Current Biology 2001 11, 626-630DOI: (10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00148-8)

Figure 4 Possible evolutionary scheme for the development of distinct NK receptor systems. Divergence times between different primates and between mammalian orders are approximate [13, 23]. Analysis of repetitive sequences in the locus indicates that an ancestral KIR gene existed 50–100 million years ago but that gene duplications that formed the primate KIR gene cluster occurred 30–45 million years ago [7, 8]. NK receptors used in other mammalian orders are not known Current Biology 2001 11, 626-630DOI: (10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00148-8)