copyright cmassengale Classification copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Classification: The logical grouping of organisms based on criteria & characteristics of “biological significance.” Why is classification important? To understand how organisms are related and how they are different. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Taxonomy: Branch of science that classifies organisms & names them using “Binomial Nomenclature.” Binomial Nomenclature: Scientifically accepted naming system using two names. Genus - ALWAYS CAPITALIZED! species- always lower cased! Names are Latin – universal language Ex. red oak Scientific Name = Quercus rubra Genus species copyright cmassengale
Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale
Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale
Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale
Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Changes in Taxonomy: Originally Carolus Linnaeus only used physical characteristics to group & name organisms. Now Taxonomists also use: Phylogeny- examining how organisms are related to each other based on evolution. Organisms that are decedents of each other therefore should be classified and named to show that relationship. AKA: Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Cladograms: a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Genetics: Similarities in an organism’s DNA, RNA and genes can be used to help determine how organisms are related to each other. DNA evidence can also show the evolutionary relationships of species and how species have changed over time. copyright cmassengale
Classification Groups Taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti! copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
Domain is the broadest taxon. There are three domains: 1. Archaea Kingdom: Archaebacteria 2. Bacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria 3. Eukarya-most complex with nucleus and membrane bound organelles Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia copyright cmassengale
ARCHAEA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles Domain Archae Kingdoms Archaebacteria Cell Type-Prokaryote or Eukaryote Prokaryotes # of cells- Unicellular or Multicellular or Both Unicellular Cell structure- cell wall composition Cell wall made of proteins Nutrition- Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both Both copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale
BACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. Domain Bacteria Kingdoms Eubacteria Cell Type-Prokaryote or Eukaryote Prokaryotes # of cells- Unicellular or Multicellular or Both Unicellular Cell structure- cell wall composition Cell wall made of peptidoglycan Nutrition- Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both Both copyright cmassengale
Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale
Protista Are often aquatic Domain Eukarya Kingdoms Protista Cell Type-Prokaryote or Eukaryote Eukaryotes # of cells- Unicellular or Multicellular or Both Both (most are unicellular) Cell structure- cell wall composition Cell wall made of cellulose, but not all protists have cell walls Nutrition- Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both Both Are often aquatic copyright cmassengale
Fungi Domain Eukarya Kingdoms Fungi Cell Type-Prokaryote or Eukaryote # of cells- Unicellular or Multicellular or Both Both (most are multicellular) Cell structure- cell wall composition Cell wall made of chitin Nutrition- Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) copyright cmassengale
Plantae Domain Eukarya Kingdoms Plantae Cell Type-Prokaryote or Eukaryote Eukaryotes # of cells- Unicellular or Multicellular or Both Multicellular Cell structure- cell wall composition Cell walls made of cellulose Nutrition- Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both Autotrophs (perform photosynthesis) Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale
Animalia Domain Eukarya Kingdoms Animalia Cell Type-Prokaryote or Eukaryote Eukaryotes # of cells- Unicellular or Multicellular or Both Multicellular Cell structure- cell wall composition No cell walls Nutrition- Autotroph or Heterotroph or Both Heterotrophs Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale
Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale