Experimental study on the protective effects of edaravone against ischemic spinal cord injury Kazuchika Suzuki, MD, Teruhisa Kazui, MD, PhD, Hitoshi.

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Experimental study on the protective effects of edaravone against ischemic spinal cord injury Kazuchika Suzuki, MD, Teruhisa Kazui, MD, PhD, Hitoshi Terada, MD, PhD, Kazuo Umemura, MD, PhD, Yasuhiko Ikeda, MD, PhD, Abul Hasan Muhammad Bashar, MBBS, PhD, Katsushi Yamashita, MD, PhD, Naoki Washiyama, MD, PhD, Takayasu Suzuki, MD, Kazuhiro Ohkura, MD, PhD, Junji Yasuike, MD The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Volume 130, Issue 6, Pages 1586-1592 (December 2005) DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.049 Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The putative reaction scheme of 2-[6-(4′-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid (HPF). HPF, which is almost completely nonfluorescent, is o-dearylated on reaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to yield strongly fluorescent fluorescein. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2005 130, 1586-1592DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.049) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Neurologic status 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of reperfusion, as evaluated by using the Johnson recovery scale. Average scores represent means ± standard deviation. Group B had significantly higher scores in comparison with group A at 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of reperfusion (at 24 hours: *P = .0025 compared with group A; at 48 hours: **P = .0025 compared with group A). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2005 130, 1586-1592DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.049) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Histopathologic findings of the spinal cord sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin 48 hours after the beginning of reperfusion. Sections from each group were examined with 2 different magnifications. (Original magnification: left panel, 40×; right panel, 400×.) The spinal cord of sham control animals was intact. In group A spinal cords showed necrotic changes, including destruction and vacuolization of the gray matter. In group B the gray matter was largely preserved, with normal-looking motor neurons. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2005 130, 1586-1592DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.049) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 The number of viable neurons in the gray matter of lumbar spinal cord sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Group B had significantly more viable neurons than group A (*P = .008 compared with group A). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2005 130, 1586-1592DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.049) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 The fluorescence intensities of 2-[6-(4′-hydroxy)phenoxy-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid at every 15 minutes from 15 to 180 minutes after the beginning of reperfusion. Intensities were significantly lower in group D at 75, 90, and 150 minutes after the beginning of reperfusion than in group C (at 75 minutes: *P = .0162; at 90 minutes: **P = .00158; at 150 minutes: #P = .0012). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2005 130, 1586-1592DOI: (10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.08.049) Copyright © 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions