Centrosomes and Mitochondrias By: Tyler, Tu

Definition- Centrosomes An organelle made up of two centrioles that: serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) regulates a cell’s cell cycle

In the cytoplasm, usually near the nucleus Location In the cytoplasm, usually near the nucleus

Function Main Function: Others: Each cell begins with one centriole until it duplicates ONCE during the S phase of the cell cycle Right before mitosis occurs, the centrioles split and move to opposite sides of the cell They begin to create a protein called microtubules and form them into spindle fibers Spindle fibers assist in the separation of chromosomes in preparation for cytokinesis Others: Signals the “okay” for cytokinesis Creates microtubules to form the cytoskeleton Signals the “okay” to begin the cell cycle

****It may actually not be all that important**** Why is it Important? ****It may actually not be all that important**** But if it actually is, it’s important function is separating the chromosomes evenly and correctly.

Does it interact with anything else? Mainly interacts with the chromosomes within the nucleus and the microtubule proteins it creates.

Structure: Size and Shape

Health Problems Cancer The centrosome relates to mitosis Deals with the movement of chromosomes Cancer cells tend to have an abnormal amount of centrosomes A mutated p53 gene predisposes an excess replication of centrosomes

Research Study THERES ACTUALLY BARELY ANY INTEREST IN CENTROSOMES The main research being done on centrosomes is based off how it’s dysfunction may cause a cancer to become more invasive. It has been observed that cancers become more invasive when there are an abnormal amount of centrosomes.

Definition - Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell

Structures located in the cell's cytoplasm outside the nucleus Location Structures located in the cell's cytoplasm outside the nucleus

Function Mitochondria are responsible for energy production. They not only convert nutrients into energy but also perform many other specialized tasks. The simpler molecules of nutrition are sent to the mitochondria to be processed and to produce charged molecules. These charged molecules combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria help the cells to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell. The mitochondria also help in building certain parts of blood and hormones like testosterone and estrogen. The liver cells mitochondria have enzymes that detoxify ammonia. The mitochondria also play important role in the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Abnormal death of cells due to the dysfunction of mitochondria can affect the function of organ.

Why it is important? Mitochondria are important as they play a big role in energy production. Most of the cell's ATP production happens here, where they are broken down to give the cells the energy they require to live and carry out their function. Which help the organs to function and give you the power to move and do things. If our mitochondria is not working, then our body will not work either.

Does it interact with anything else? Yes, Mitochondria is interact with almost all the organisms in the body, such as respiratory system, cardiovascular system, cognitive system or digestive system. These system are very high demand in receiving energy from the powerhouse, because they work 24/7 and the cells are dying every second.

Structure: Size & Shape

Health problem If mitochondria is not working. It’ll cause problems with growth, development, and function of the body’s systems. For example, a person without mitochondria his or her cell wouldn't be able to break down sugar. So the person would have high levels of sugar in the body which may lead to diabetes. If the person get diabetes, that person will need to treat it with insulin which will help cells absorb the sugar. Insulin is like a key to opening the cell to help sugar go in. If this is not treated it leads to more complications such as heart problems, and other conditions. In conclusion, if mitochondria stopped working, and if the person didn’t treated in time. That person slightly might die because of the body is slowly stopping working, or by the symptoms listed above.

Research study Mitochondrial diseases: A mysterious, and often deadly, set of disorders that have no known cure. Experts have long been searching for a way to effectively treat these complex conditions – and now, new research points to a potential drug target that can rescue cells suffering from mitochondrial dysfunction. Gene Therapy Genome editing involves using genetically modified nucleuses to alter specific sequences in the genome. However, this is a complex technique needed for future treatment, and maybe that other researchers will be open to finding a viable translation for patient use in the future.

Bibliography http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Centrioles.html http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Wiki-Centrosome.pdf http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary=centrosome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9932/ http://www.bci.qmul.ac.uk/news/publications/item/godinho-nature-paper http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/03/27/researchers-find-new-drug-target-for-treating-mitochondrial-disease/ http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4398 http://www.health-inspiration.com/html/mitochondrial_antioxidants.html http://www.thelilyfoundation.org.uk/animation/