The Great Salt Lake: Case Study Learning Target: I can analyze a case study and begin to explain how changes can affect an entire ecosystem.

Warm Up Why is the Great Salt Lake salty? What factors affect the salinity of the Great Salt Lake? How would and increase in salinity affect the biodiversity of organisms living in the aquatic portion of the Great Salt Lake?

Great Salt Lake - Case Study Details What is a causeway? Let’s look at the next slide to find out. Setting: A large body of water Time: 1952 Event: A causeway is built across the body of water separating the north end from the south end. No water is exchanged between the two sides. The general question: What effect does this have on the ecosystem?

The Specifics In 1902, a railroad built a train trestle that went directly across the body of water. In the 1950’s, a causeway replaced the trestle allowing for safer and faster travel of the trains. The causeway is a solid, raised roadway made of 50 million cubic yards of rock, sand and gravel. However, unlike the trestle, the causeway does not allow circulation of water between the two sides. This basically split the lake into two halves, the North arm and the South arm. Use the information from this slide to answer questions 1 & 2.

Turn & Talk: What do you see in this picture? South Arm of Lake North Arm of Lake White stuff

The causeway separating the North and South arms What do you notice about the colors of water on both sides of the causeway? Question #3 South Arm of Lake North Arm of Lake

This body of water is a dynamic ecosystem and is affected by the amount of rainfall received How does the size compare in 1984 and 2004? Question #4 1984 2004 What inference could you make about the amount of rainfall received in 2004? Question #5

Brainstorming What differences do you notice, if any, between the north and the south arms? Why could building a causeway cause the water to be two different colors? What might be some causes of the change seen? As a class, create a list of possibilities. Write down your classmates’ ideas. Question #6

New Information Both arms of the lake contain salt. Only one arm of this body of water receives freshwater on a continuous basis. 2 rivers flow into that arm. Does this help you explain why the body of water is two different colors? Answer questions 7 and 8 Turn & Talk: What is freshwater?

These are red onion cells These are red onion cells. The purple stuff is the cytoplasm inside the cell.

After adding salt, look what happens After adding salt, look what happens. What is happening to the amount of purple cytoplasm inside the cell?

What do you think is causing that to happen? After adding EVEN MORE salt, look what happens. What is happening to the amount of purple cytoplasm inside the cell? In osmosis: water follows salt! - Wherever there is more salt, water will go because it loves salt! What do you think is causing that to happen?

#9: What inference can you make about which plant received salt water #9: What inference can you make about which plant received salt water? Why?

The causeway separating the North and South arms South Arm of Lake North Arm of Lake

A Lake Divided: Salinity Before and After the Causeway 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 ? SALINITY, IN PPT http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/salinity/index.html

Water Level History of the South Arm of the Great Salt Lake http://geology.utah.gov/online_html/pi/pi-39/pi39pg04.htm

Historic low GSL level Historic high GSL level http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/salinity/index.html

Lake Level and Water Density Inversely Correlate http://geology.utah.gov/online/pdf/pi-51.pdf Which arm of the Great Salt Lake is saltier? Evidence? How does lake level influence density?

Digging in to the GSL Salinity Data Salt concentration can be measured in: Percent Salinity Parts Per Thousand (= % x 10) Salt concentration can be inferred as: Density of Water Density of water = 1 gram / cm3 = 1 g / mL If density is greater than 1 g/mL, there is something dissolved in the water (i.e. salt)

Digging in to the GSL Salinity Data The Great Salt Lake was once a vast body of salt water Over time, the GSL evaporated to its present size, leaving behind salt deposits The size of the GSL continues to change, while the amount of salt stays the same Salinity and density inversely co rrelate with water level When water level ↑, salinity (% or ppt) and density ↓ When water level ↓, salinity (% or ppt) and density ↑

North Arm (after the causeway) Halobacteria Answer questions #10-11 from looking at the Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Picture. Brine fly Northern Harrier Diatoms South Arm (before the causeway) Brine shrimp Eared Grebe Avocet Cyanobacteria

The Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Answer question #12 (Hint: what are the arrows pointing to?)

The causeway separating the North and South arms South Arm of Lake North Arm of Lake Answer question #13

Want More? (Of course you do!) Check out the Science Friday podcast from April 26, 2013: The Great Lake Is No ‘Dead Sea’ http://www.npr.org/2013/04/26/179224937/great-salt-lake-is-no-dead-sea

Work Time Hypothesize what would happen to the Great Salt Lake ecosystem if the railroad causeway were removed. Record your thoughts – at least 4 sentences – on the back of the case study worksheet.