Answer the following questions in your notebook. What assassination sparked an armed conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that resulted in the First World War? Name at least two factors that may have played a role in starting the First World War. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan called for a two-front war with which two nations? The neutrality of which European state was violated when Germany invaded France in 1914? What was the name of the mutual defensive alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy? What was the mutual defense alliance between Britain, France and Russia called?

Define and memorize the following terms and their meanings: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, conscription, mobilization, propaganda, Schlieffen Plan, trench warfare, war of attrition, total war, bourgeoisie, proletariat, planned economies, soviet, war communism, abdicate, armistice, mandate, reparation, Fourteen Points, Treaty of Versailles Identify the following individuals as that relate to the First World War and Russian Revolution: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip, Emperor William II, Czar Nicholas II, Grigory Rasputin, Aleksander Kerensky, Vladimir Lenin, Woodrow Wilson

WORLD WAR I 1914-1924

Prelude to World War Causes: Militarism Alliances Nationalism Industrialization Assassination

Military Alliances Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente (1907)- Great Britain, France, and Russia

Tension Leading to War Germany and Britain? Moroccan Crises 1905 1911

Crisis in the Balkans Austria-Hungary (multinational state) Nationalism in the Balkans Pan-Slavism Desire to develop a united Slavic nation (Yugoslavia) A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 1st Balkan War, 1912 2nd Balkan War, 1913 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia The Black Hand/Serbian Nationalists

Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, June 28, 1914

Gavrilo Princip

Declarations of War A-H wished to take action against Serbia Germany supported A-H A-H declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 Russia mobilized against Germany and A-H Germany declared war on Russia and France Germany mobilized against France and violated Belgian neutrality (Schlieffen Plan) Britain declared war on Germany for breaking Belgian neutrality

Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

World War I Alliances Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, and later Japan and Montenegro Central Powers- Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire. Italy?

World War I and its Destruction 1914-1918

Total War- a war that involves complete mobilization of troops and materials over large areas. The war affects the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. Mobilization- the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war.

Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

The Battle of the Marne The Germans were advancing NE of Paris The French army organized a force to resist the Germans The Germans retreated (only about 50 miles from Paris) and dug trenches The Western Front was created Trench Warfare war of attrition- a war in which each side tries to wear the other down by constant attack

The Western Front

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Cross-Section of a Trench

Life in the Trenches

Trench Foot

Rats in the Trenches

Body Lice

The End to War

Russia’s withdrawal from the war in 1918 U.S. entry into the war in 1917 Spring 1917- France was weakening, British and German reserves were diminishing March 1918- the Germans launched a final offensive against the Allies, gaining considerable ground July 1918- Second Battle of the Marne With the aid of U.S. troops, the Allies launched an effective counterattack that continued until September, 1918 The resistance of the Central Powers in other areas of the war crumbled November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice

The Paris Peace Conference January 1919 delegates from 27 nations attended Representatives from the Central Powers and Russia were not included The “Big Four” Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France Prime Minister David Lloyd-George of Britain Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy President Woodrow Wilson of the United States Wilson’s idealism and Europe’s nationalism

The Big Four Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando Italy President Woodrow Wilson United States Prime Minister David Lloyd-George Great Britain Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau France

Woodrow Wilson and the Restoration of Peace Wilson’s Fourteen Points freedom of the seas and of trade reduction of military weapons an end to all secret alliances self-rule for all nations “general assembly of all nations” “no annexations, no contributions, and no punitive damages” France and Britain demanded reparations

WWI Casualties 9 million soldiers killed 21 million soldiers wounded Around 30 million soldiers killed or wounded 13 million civilians died from disease and starvation Armenians? The war destroyed Europe Governments went bankrupt Revolution was rife in Eastern Europe A new Europe had to be formed

The Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 War Guilt Clause Reduced the size of the German army Prohibited Germany from manufacturing major war weapons Reduced Germany’s territorial size Germany was required to pay extensive reparations Restructuring of Austria-Hungary

Restructuring of Europe

Germany developed deep resentment in response their loss of the war and Allied treatment after the armistice. The Treaty of Versailles left Germany weak and humiliated. This resentment, which lingered for over two decades, later resulted in even greater violence in the form of German Nazism.

The Russian Revolution

The First World War and Russia The Russians were not prepared for total war No competent military leaders Russian industry Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra Grigory Rasputin *Continued military and economic disasters created tremendous discontent among the people of Russia. The March Revolution Working-class women in St. Petersburg demanded “peace and bread”

Provisional Government- March 12, 1917 Czar Nicholas II was encouraged to abdicate Alexsander Kerensky Continuation of the war Kerensky made a poor call in continuing the war Problems: Workers and peasants wanted peace soviets (council of workers and soldiers) emerged all over Russia Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin Opposed capitalism Advocated violent revolution as a means to effect positive change Lenin’s Promises: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) Assassination of the royal family Civil War (1918-1922) Red Terror

Test Preparation Study all of Chapter 14 Be well familiar with Chapter 14 vocabulary words Review and study all notes