CHY4U Unit 1, Activity 3 Context of 3 Regions PSD Bias CHY4U Unit 1, Activity 3 Context of 3 Regions

Inquiry Question What was the attitude toward religious differences in these societies? Europe in late 1400s, early 1500s Japan in 1600s Aztecs in 1500s

Very brief context Dominance of the Roman Catholic Church in western Europe A massive institution with not only religious power (sacred) but also secular (non-religious) influence on politics and economics Dissent is in the air Not everyone agrees with how the Catholic Church behaves or interprets Christianity Some critics have been influenced by Humanism, a way of thinking from the Renaissance that tries to improve life and learning for individuals Some Humanists are Christian Humanists and want to apply more rational thinking to the Church Dates 1453 – printing press invented in Europe 1492 – Columbus “discovers” the New World 1517 – Martin Luther, a German monk and professor of theology, nails his complaints about the Church to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany

How to achieve salvation* Protestantism Catholicism By faith, reading scripture (the Bible) By doing good works (good deeds, actions) such as buying indulgences^ Through one’s individual relationship with God Through the Church bureaucracy (it’s an institution) No Church bureaucracy is needed and the Pope is therefore powerless In the hands of the Papacy/the Vatican *Salvation – being saved from sin, going to heaven ^ Indulgences – certificates that could be bought from the church in order to reduce one’s time in purgatory (the stage before heaven). Buying one would burn off the purchaser’s sins, said the church.

Vocabulary for 95 Theses Letters of pardon = indulgences Avarice = greed Penance / penitence = acts to achieve forgiveness Eternally damned = going to hell Biography.com, Martin Luther Biography, 2017, http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-9389283#related-video-gallery (Feb. 10, 2017)

Historical Perspectives Multiple perspectives on indulgences PROTESTANT VIEW CATHOLIC VIEW ______use of Church power _______ use of Church power _____ ___ help people get to heaven _______ people get to heaven C______ __________ source for rebuilding St. Peter’s in Rome _______ for both sellers and buyers ________ example of papal authority

Timeline of Events Surrounding Martin Luther 1440s: Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press in Europe 1456: Gutenberg prints a Bible 1513: Pope Leo X comes into power and begins renovating the Vatican, eventually selling indulgences to raise money for the building project 1517: Luther posts his 95 theses 1520: Leo issues a Papal Bull calling on Luther to take back 41 of his 95 complaints 1521: Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther as a heretic 1521: The Diet of Worms of the Holy Roman Empire of Charles V tries to get Luther to recant Luther is protected by Frederick the Wise, humanist Elector of Saxony, founder of the university where Luther taught who uses “diplomatic stalling tactics” to keep Luther away from the angry Catholic Church. 1524-26: Peasants Revolt/War occurs and is highly criticized by Luther 1555: The Peace of Augsburg allows Protestants to practice freely in areas recognized as Protestant