Hypothesis Testing Kenningapróf

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Presentation transcript:

Hypothesis Testing Kenningapróf Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing Kenningapróf

Null Hypothesis Núllkenning The null hypothesis is a statement about the population value that will be tested. The null hypothesis is held true unless sufficient evidence to the contrary is obtained. Núllkenning er fullyrðing um gildi á þýðisstika og er prófuð. Núllkenningin er höfð (talin) sönn svo framarlega sem vísbendingar eru ekki til staðar um hið gagnstæða.

Alternative Hypothesis Valtilgáta The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that includes all population values not covered by the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is held true if the null hypothesis is rejected or held false. Valtilgátan alternative hypothesis er tilgátan sem inniheldur öll þýðisgildi sem ekki teljast til núlltilgátunnar. Valtilgátan telst sönn ef núlltilgátunni er hafnað og öfugt.

Simple and Composite Hypotheses Einfaldar og samsettar tilgátur A simple hypothesis is one that specifies a single value for the population parameter of interest. A composite hypothesis is one that specifies a range of values for the population parameter. Einföld tilgáta er tilgáta sem tiltekur eitt gildi fyrir þýðisstikan sem athygli beinist að. Samsett tilgáta er tilgáta sem tilgreinir bil gilda fyrir þýðisstika.

One-Sided and Two-Sided Alternatives Einhliða og tvíhliða valtilgátur A one-sided alternative is an alternative hypothesis involving all possible values of a population parameter on either one side or the other of the value specified by the null hypothesis. A two-sided alternative is an alternative hypothesis involving all possible values of a population parameter other than the value specified by a simple null hypothesis Einhliða valtilgáta er tilgáta sem felur í sér öll gildi þýðisstika öðru hvorum hvorum megin við gildið sem tiltekið er af núlltilgátunni. Tvíhliða valtilgáta two-sided alternative er valtilgáta sem felur í sér öll möguleg gildi önnur en það gildi sem tiltekið er í núlltilgátunni.

States of Nature and Decisions on Null Hypothesis Ástand og ákvarðanir tengdar núll tilgátunni (Table 9.1) States of Nature Ástand Decisions on Null Hypothesis Ákvarðanir er snerta 0 tilgátuna Null Hypothesis is True Null Hypothesis is False Accept Samþykkt (Fail to Reject) Correct Decision Probability = 1 -  Rétt ákvörðun Líkur = 1 -  Type II Error Probability =  Líkur =  Reject Hafnað Type I Error Probability =  Líkur =  ( is called the significance level) marktæknisstig Probability = 1 -  ((1 - ) is called power)

Type I and Type II Errors Villa 1 og villa 2 A Type I Error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis. A Type II Error is the acceptance of a false hypothesis. Villa 1 er að hafna réttri 0 tilgátu. Villa 2 er að samþykkja ranga 0.

Significance Level Martktæknistig The significance level is the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is true. Marktæknistig eru líkurnar á því að hafna réttri 0 tilgátu. This is sometimes expressed as a percentage, so a test of significance level  is referred to as a 100 % - level test.

Power Afl The power of a test is the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is false. Afl í prófi eru líkurnar á því að hafna 0 tilgátu sem er röng.

Consequences of Fixing the Significance Level of a Test Afleiðingar þess að festa marktæknistig í prófi (Figure 9.1) Investigator chooses significance level Marktæknistig er fest (Probability of a Type I error) Decision Rule is Established Ákvörðunar- regla búin til Probability of Type II error Follows Líkur á villu II fylgja í kjölfarið

A Test of the Mean of a Normal Population: Population Variance Known Próf fyrir vongildi normaldreifð þýðis. Dreifni þekkt. Given that we have a random sample of n observations from a normal population with mean  and known variance 2. If the observed sample mean is X, the test with significance level  of the null hypothesis Að því gefnu að við höfum slembi úrtak n athugana úr normaldreifðu þýði með vongildi  og þekkta dreifni 2. Með úrtaksmeðaltalið er hægt að prófa eftirfarandi kenningu með marktæknistigi  Þar sem núll tilgátan against the alternative gagnvart valtilgilátunni is obtained from the decision rule kenningin er prófuð með ákvörðunarreglunni Or equivalently sem jafngildir where Z is the number for which þar sem Z er talan sem um gildir and Z is the standard normal random variable. og Z er standard normal hending.

Interpretation of the Probability value or p-value Túlkun líkindagildisins eða p-gildisins The probability value or p-value is the smallest significance level at which the null hypothesis can be rejected. Consider a random sample of size n observations from a population that has a normal distribution with mean  and standard deviation , and the resulting computed sample mean, X. We are asked to test the null hypothesis P gildið er lægsta marktæknistig sem hægt er að hafna 0 tilgátu við. Hugleiðum slembið úrtak n athugana úr normaldreifðu þýði með vongildi  og staðalfrávik , með úrtaki má reikna úrtaksmeðaltal Við viljum prófa núlltilgátuna against the alternative hypothesis gegn valkostinum The p-value for the test is P- gildi prófsins er where Zp is the standard normal random value associated with the smallest significance level at which the null hypothesis can be rejected. The p-value is regularly computed by most statistical computer programs and provides more information about the test, based on the observed sample mean. Þar sem Zp er stöðluð normaldreifð hending tengd lægsta marktæknistiginu sem hægt er að hafna 0 tilgátunni við. P-gildið er yfirleitt reiknað í flestum tölfræðihugbúnaðarforritum og ef það er lægra en marktæknistigi er núlltilgátunni hafnað.

A Test of the Mean of a Normal Population (Variance Known): Composite Null and Alternative Hypothesis The appropriate procedure for testing, at significance level , the null hypothesis Viðeigandi aðferð til að prófa við marktæknisstigi , núlltilgátuna against the alternative hypothesis gagnvart valkostinum is precisely the same as when the null hypothesis is H0:  = 0. In addition, the p-values are also computed in exactly the same way. er nákvæmlega eins og þegar H0:  = 0. Því til viðbótar eru p-gildin reiknuð eins.

A Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution (Variance Known): Composite or Simple Null and Alternative Hypothesis The appropriate procedure for testing, at significance level , the null hypothesis Viðeigandi aðferð til að prófa við marktæknisstigi , núlltilgátuna against the alternative gagnvart valkostinum uses the decision rule byggir á ákvörðunarreglunni Or equivalently Sem jafngildir where -Z is the number for which þar sem -Z er stærð sem eftirfarandi gildir um and Z is the standard normal random variable. og Z er standard normal dreifð hending. In addition the p-values can also be computed by using the lower tail probabilities.

A Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution Against Two-Sided Alternative:  Known The appropriate procedure for testing, at significance level , the null hypothesis viðeigandi aðferð til að prófa við marktæknisstigi , núlltilgátuna against the alternative hypothesis is obtained from the decision rule sem byggir á ákvörðunarreglunni Equivalently Sem jafngildir