Think about this: What motivates you to do the following things Think about this: What motivates you to do the following things? A) come to school B) exercise C) clean your room D) participate in extra-curricular activities E) eat lunch

Motivation Module 11

Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

Theories of Motivation Historic Explanations: Instincts Drives Biological Explanations: Arousal (Yerkes-Dodson Law) Homeostasis Cognitive/Learning: Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation Humanistic: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Achievement Motivation

Historic Explanations: Instincts & Drives

Instincts (1st psychological explanation of motivation) inherited, unlearned preprogrammed, complex behavior occurring throughout a species examples: jealously, curiosity, cleanliness, domination, making things

Instincts Qs Do you agree that all of the behaviors we discussed are instincts? Why or why not? What are some other human instincts? What are some examples of your own behavior that the instincts theory of motivation might explain?

Drive-Reduction Theory drive - aroused tension states created by imbalances a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Drives Qs How do the instinct theory and drive-reduction-theory differ?

Arousal Level stimulation (alertness & responsiveness) you like to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson Law a degree of psychological arousal (alertness & responsiveness) helps performance, but only up to a certain point optimum arousal depends on the difficulty of task each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson Law Qs Answer the questions below based on your graph: What level of arousal is needed to perform well on easy tasks? What level of arousal is needed to perform well on difficult tasks? What happens to performance on difficult tasks as arousal increases? How could you apply this information to your own life? How would you describe your optimal state of arousal?

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry (hormones, water levels, blood glucose) around a particular level any change in levels, up or down, results in being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

Homeostasis Qs What is the difference between homeostasis and the drive-reduction theory?

Extrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment

Intrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation Qs What tasks are you intrinsically motivated to do? What tasks are you extrinsically motivated to do? Which do you think is the better form of motivation? What effect do grades have on your motivation to learn? How could teachers motivate students to learn without giving grades?

Clinical Explanations: Achievement & Hierarchy of Needs

Achievement Henry Murray - first established achievement motivation theory Achievement motivation: desire for significant accomplishment desire for the mastery of things, people, or ideas desire for attaining a high standard

Achievement Qs What behaviors or thoughts in your life are driven by achievement motivation? Have you ever met someone with a low level of achievement motivation? What made you think they had a low level of achievement motivation?

Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow - humanistic psychologist who developed hierarchy of needs hierarchy of needs – human needs; higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs are satisfied

Self-Actualization according to Maslow, a person’s highest need the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of Needs Qs Do you think the order of needs is true for most people? What might be some exceptions to this order? Are there important motives not included in the hierarchy?

Warm Up Theories of Motivation Review Standard SSPBF5:a - Compare and contrast the biological, cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation Answer the following: What is motivation? Match the following: __ Instincts a) desire for significant accomplishment __ Drives b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance __ Arousal Theory c) meet basic needs first; higher levels after that __ Homeostasis d) level of stimulation we try to maintain __ Intrinsic/Extrinsic e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate action __ Hierarchy of Needs f) motivation from internal or external forces __ Achievement g) maintain balanced or constant internal state

Warm Up Answers Theories of Motivation Review Standard SSPBF5:a - Compare and contrast the biological, cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation Answer the following: What is motivation? A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Match the following: e Instincts a) desire for significant accomplishment b Drives b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance d Arousal Theory c) meet basic needs first; higher levels after that g Homeostasis d) level of stimulation we try to maintain f Intrinsic/Extrinsic e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate action c Hierarchy of Needs f) motivation from internal or external forces a Achievement g) maintain balanced or constant internal state

End Class Notes

Group Activity – Motivation Music (1st) Group 1 – Instincts (page 208) Destiny, Josue, Infiniti, Tabria, Destiny, Nijha Group 2 – Drives (pages 208-209) Ari, Jonathan, Mya, La’deja, Terrione Group 3 – Arousal Theories (page 209-210) Ariana, Gerry, Kameron, Sela, Mina, Group 4 – Homeostasis (pages 210-211) Vivian, Sabrina, Chrissy, Quynh Group 5 – Cognitive: Intrinsic & Extrinsic (pgs 211 – 212) Janiece, Yalin, Kymberly, Brionna Group 6 – Hierarchy of Needs (page 213) Glorymar, Esmerelda, Rebecca, Philip, Tahkai Group 7 – Achievement (pages 214-215) Jeff, Hannah, Adrian, Arlan, Brian

Group Activity – Motivation Group 1 – Instincts (page 208) Group 2 – Drives (pages 208-209) Group 3 – Arousal Theories (page 209-210) Group 4 – Homeostasis (pages 210-211) Group 5 – Cognitive: Intrinsic & Extrinsic (pgs 211 – 212) Group 6 – Hierarchy of Needs (page 213) Group 7 – Achievement (pages 214-215)

Clinical Explanations: Motivating Ourselves and Others Module 11: Motivation Clinical Explanations: Motivating Ourselves and Others

Developing Self Motivation Associate your high achievement with positive emotions – CELEBRATE Connect your achievement with your efforts – give yourself credit for your hard work/good grades Raise your expectations – set reasonably high goals

Motivating Others Cultivate intrinsic motivation – assign tasks that foster curiosity; praise effort Attend to individual motives – find what motivates each person Set specific, challenging goals – help others define their goals Choose an appropriate leadership style Task leadership (goal-oriented) sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention Social leadership (group-oriented) builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Hunger: A Closer Look Guided Reading Questions

Physiology of Hunger Glucose - form of sugar that circulates through the body; low glucose = hunger Insulin - hormone allows body to use glucose for energy or fat production; as insulin levels increase, glucose levels decrease Leptin - Protein produced by bloated fat cells; send a message to “stop eating” Orexin - Hunger-triggering hormone produced by hypothalamus; glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungry

Set Point Theory of Weight Set Point - point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost weight. BMR – resting rate at which we burn calories for energy

Set Point

Environment and Hunger

External Incentives Include the sight, sound, and smell of food Affect some people more than others

Cultural Influences on Eating Cultural views on obesity can vary White Americans – weakness, laziness African-Americans & Latinos – less concerned about weight, more accepting of overweight Culture influences the foods we like and dislike Shun foods we are not exposed to Examples: horse, dog, rat meat Repeated exposure to new foods increases our willingness to try them

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa Eating disorder in which normal weight people suffer delusions of being overweight Usually in adolescent females May put themselves on self-starvation regimens May become dangerously underweight

Bulimia Nervosa Eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating Usually overeat high calorie foods Overeating is followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise Fearful of gaining weight, preoccupied with food, often suffer from depression and/or anxiety

Causes of Eating Disorders Genetic link – identical twins more likely to have same eating disorder Abnormal levels of chemicals that facilitate neural communication Cultural pressure to be thin