Central Dogma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3HVVi2k2No

Central dogma of molecular biology The Central Dogma: the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein

Products of Transcription: mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA All products move out of the nucleus and go into the cytoplasm to be used in protein synthesis DNA  RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA

Protein Synthesis: The making of proteins at the ribosome The amount and kind of proteins produced in a cell determine its structure & function Proteins carry out the genetic instruction in DNA

Protein Review: Monomer = amino acids Linked together by peptide bonds 20 different types Linked together by peptide bonds Sequence of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

The Genetic Code: The correlation between nucleotide sequence (DNA or RNA) and amino acid sequence (protein) Codons: combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

Types of codons: 64 codons code for 20 amino acids Thus more than one codon codes for an AA Start codon: (AUG) starts the process of translation Stop codons: (UAA, UAG, UGA) ends the process of translation

Circular Genetic Code

Translation: The process of assembling polypeptides (proteins) from nucleotide sequence in mRNA “Translating” from one language (nucleotides) into another language (amino acids)

Steps of Translation During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA As mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNA’s add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

Gene Regulation and Lac Operon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_1QLdtF8d0&t=2s