Presented by: Rezvan Kianifar January 2009 Prediction in Human Presented by: Rezvan Kianifar January 2009

Syllabus Prediction Levels senasorimotor level cognitive level Related brain regions at cognitive level Characteristics which emerge by prediction Discussion

Motor prediction biological systems need to be able to predict the sensory consequences of their actions to be capable of rapid, robust, and adaptive behavior. Control Strategies: direct directly maps sensations to actions, without meaningful intermediate steps and, in particular, without any attempts to explicitly model the movement system or task. indirect explicitly employs multiple information-processing steps to build the control policy, and in particular it employs internal models.

What is internal model? Internal models are neural substrates that model input/output relationships and their inverses of kinematic and dynamic processes of the motor system and the environment

Why seek for internal model? Helmholtz observation Holst and Sperry 1950s(efferent copy) Other studies

Motor Prediction Influences State estimation Sensory confirmation and cancellation Context estimation

State estimation

Sensory confirmation and cancellation

Context estimation

Mental practice, imitation and social cognition Forward model is used to predict the sensory outcome of an action, without actually performing the action. In perception of action we could usemultiple forward models to make multiple predictions and, based on the correspondence between these predictions and the observed behaviour, we could infer which of our controllers would be used to generate the observed action. in social interaction, a forward social model could be used to predict the reactions of others to our actions.

How to investigate prediction in cognitive level? Cognitive Tests FMRI-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Related brain regions in cognitive level of prediction DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex OFC- OrbitoFrontal Cortex ACC- Anterior Cingulated Cortex

DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex is known as a neural substrate for working memory in which a model of environment could exist

OFC- OrbitoFrontal Cortex OFC provides an updated representation of value through interactions with other brain areas, such as the amygdale, which can affect adaptive behavior

ACC- Anterior Cingulated Cortex ACC detects the state of conflict and drives control processes to resolve the internal conflict. Because of its anatomical position which receives information from limbic and prefrontal regions as well as having direct access to the motor system, it seems to play a key role in monitoring the outcomes of voluntary choices under uncertainty when the environment is changing.

Midbrain regions OFC have connections with the amygdala and ventral striatum, both of which have been involved in anticipating the contingencies between environmental stimuli, actions and rewards. The serial flow of information between the amygdala and ACC is essential for guiding efficient decision making

relations

Characteristics which emerge by prediction Prediction: capability of predicting future properties Anticipation: mechanisms that use predictions to improve other mechanisms including learning and behavior

predictive capabilities (1) the types of predictions represented, (2) the quality or accuracy of the predictions, (3) the time scales of the predictions, (4) the generality of the predictions, (5) the capability of incorporating context information and action decision information for improving predictions, (6) the focusing and attentional capabilities of prediction generation, (7) the capability of predicting inner states .

Anticipatory capabilities (I) learning, (II) attention, (III) action initiation and control, (IV) decision making.

Epigenetic Robotic goal of Epigenetic robotics is to understand, and model, the role of development in the emergence of increasingly complex cognitive structures from physical and social interaction. It is being driven by two main, somewhat parallel, motivations: (a) to understand the brain by constructing embodied systems the so-called synthetic approach, (b) to build better systems by learning from human studies.

Discussion 1- Prediction is a main characteristic of human activity. 2-new modeling approaches should consider prediction aspect of human behavior (model-based control algorithms such as MPC or RL are good candidates) 3- neural substrates under brain prediction is not well understood but it seems it is better to consider a general framework which covers all prediction levels.

thank you

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