ENERGY & MATTER Energy is not the only thing http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm ENERGY & MATTER Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed. Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in ___________________________ BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

WATER CYCLE = ___________________ HYDROLOGIC CYCLE http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Hydrogen in H2O supplies Makes up 60-70% of your body Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids building blocks of cells Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons for_______________ photosynthesis http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? HOMEOSTASIS Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with __________________ SOLVENT HOMEOSTASIS http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

All water now is the same amount as 4 billion years ago- - only changes form. Runoff from water cycle connects other cycles a. evaporation (liquid → gas) b. condensation (gas → liquid) c. precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, hail) d. transpiration (liquid → gas off leaf surface) • reservoirs: oceans, air, groundwater, glaciers • assimilation: plants from soil, animals eat other organisms; drink water • release: transpiration; animal/plant decomposition

WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif

The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________ TRANSPIRATION The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________ PRECIPITATION

Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start

CARBON CYCLE 1. Photosynthesis/Respiration link 2. Carbon cycles fast (plants have high demand) 3. Decomposition recycles carbon to atmosphere 4. Fossil fuels (Coal , oil, natural gas) 5. In aquatic environments: dissolved CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which reacts with limestone to form bicarbonates and carbonate ions CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE In ____________ as CO2 gas In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil __________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks atmosphere ocean land Underground CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? • assimilation: photosynthesis; animal consumption • release: respiration; decomposition; combustion ________________ ______________ _________________ ____________ of dead organisms Volcanic activity Human activity (burning fossil fuels) Cellular respiration Decomposition BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids BUILDING BLOCKS Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg

NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? __________________make DNA and RNA NITROGEN BASES Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in _______ ATP Makes AMINO part of _________ (proteins) amino acids Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

78% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2) BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by _______________ ____________________ CAN’T lightning Volcanic activity few special bacteria Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

Bacteria that live ______________ and in _________ relationships with plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil symbiotic legumes AMMONIA (NH3) NITROGEN FIXATION http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif

Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________ & _________________ which plants can also use. ___________ NITRATES (NO3- ) & NITRITES (NO2-) The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from the ___________ we breathe! FOOD WE EAT NOT THE AIR

NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere Section 3-3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process ___________ → _____________. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ in the soil NITRATES & NITRITES NITROGEN GAS DENITRIFICATION

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Phosphate moves through food web Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Phosphate moves through food web Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water Sediments form “new land” to complete cycle

Phosphorus cycle is only biogeochemical cycle that does NOT cycle through the ______________ atmosphere BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT? Makes DNA and RNA Transfers energy as ATP Makes phospholipids for cell membranes Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm