Chapter 5: The Eighteenth-Century World 1700-1775 Of the People Chapter 5: The Eighteenth-Century World 1700-1775 New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Common Threads What were the some of the choices that individual men and women made in the eighteenth century—for example, about where to live, how to work, what to purchase, what to believe— and how did those choices affect their society? How did such choices make everyday life more democratic? What were the forces that worked against such democratization? How were free Americans able to become wealthier even without significant technological innovations? Was it possible yet to talk about a common American experience or culture?

Chapter Overview The Population Explosion of the Eighteenth Century The Transatlantic Economy: Producing and Consuming The Varieties of Colonial Experience The Head and the Heart in America: The Enlightenment and Religious Awakening

The Population Explosion of the Eighteenth Century Overview The Dimensions of Population Growth Bound for America: European Immigrants Bound for America: African Slaves The Great Increase of Offspring

The Transatlantic Political Economy: Producing and Consuming Overview The Nature of Colonial Economic Growth The Transformation of the Family Economy Sources of Regional Prosperity Merchants and Dependent Laborers in the Transatlantic Economy Consumer Choices and the Creation of Gentility

The Varieties of Colonial Experience Overview Creating an Urban Public Sphere The Diversity of Urban Life The Maturing of Rural Society The World That Slavery Made Georgia: From Frontier Outpost to Plantation Society

The Head and the Heart in America: The Enlightenment and Religious Awakening Overview The Ideas of the Enlightenment The Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy Enlightened Institutions Origins of the Great Awakening The Grand Itinerant Cultural Conflict and Challenges to Authority What the Awakening Wrought

Conclusion Overview Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions

AMERICAN PORTRAIT George Whitefield: Evangelist for a Consumer Society “Whitefield embodied the great contradictions of his age without threatening the political or economic order that sustained them. . . . Whitefield’s strategy was to criticize the individual without attacking the system.” What was new and unique about Whitefield’s preaching? Style Message Popular following Why was Whitefield such a sensation in the colonies? Social conditions

George Whitefield Private Collection/Bridgeman Images

The Population Explosion of the Eighteenth Century “This population boom was both the product of American prosperity and the precondition for its further growth.” The Dimensions of Population Growth Scope and scale How did this expansion alter British North American society? Ethnic makeup Economic activity: consumerism Bound for America: European Immigrants Who were the European immigrants? Origins Destinations Occupations

The Population Explosion of the Eighteenth Century (continued) Bound for America: African Slaves The People Origins Destinations Conditions: Captivity, Transport, and Occupations What fueled the dramatic expansion of slavery in British North America? The Great Increase of Offspring General characteristics Euro-American African American Circumstances (eighteenth century) Marriage practices Health

Enslaved Africans Bound for the New World

The Transatlantic Economy: Producing and Consuming “In the eighteenth century, as the colonies matured, they became capitalist societies, tied increasingly into an Atlantic trade network.” The Nature of Colonial Economic Growth What factors fueled this growth? Population Environment Labor productivity What role, if any, did technological innovations play? Who (what industries) benefited the most from this economic activity? The least?

The Transatlantic Political Economy: Producing and Consuming (continued) The Transformation of the Family Economy How did the family structure the economic activity of British North America? Men: Husbands and fathers Women: Wives, mothers, “deputy husbands” Children: Sons and daughters Sources of Regional Prosperity Economic regions of British North America South: Tobacco, cereals (rice), and indigo Middle: Grains (wheat) North: Agriculture, furs/hides How did labor compare? How did slave life compare in the Chesapeake versus South Carolina? Where was wealth concentrated in each of these regions?

The Transatlantic Political Economy: Producing and Consuming (finished) Merchants and Dependent Laborers in the Transatlantic Economy Shipbuilding in New England Major port towns: Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston An affluent merchant class Consumer Choices and the Creation of Gentility What new “liberty” emerged for colonists as a result of the British mercantilist system? Consumer choice Consumer Revolution Causes Social impact

A Ship Being Built in New York

The New Gentility Gibbes Museum, Gift of Mr. Joseph E. Jenkins ©Image Gibbes Museum of Art/Carolina Art Association, 1968.005.0001

The Varieties of Colonial Experience “Although the eighteenth-century industrial and consumer revolutions tied the peoples of the North Atlantic world together, climate, geography, immigration, patterns of economic development, and population density made for considerable variety.” Creating an Urban Public Sphere Scale and scope of urban expansion The wealthy class Urban dwellers Social life Attitudes: Identity and politics The Diversity of Urban Life How did the urban poor and black slaves react to the economic stratification of urban life? What new racial laws emerged in New York and Charleston? Why did they emerge?

The Varieties of Colonial Experience (continued) The Maturing of Rural Society Pressures of population expansion In rural New England, what new social patterns emerged in response? The World That Slavery Made White world versus black world How did the two worlds interrelate? Sexual relations Hostilities For example, The Stono Rebellion, 1739 Georgia: From Frontier Outpost to Plantation Society What was the plan for Georgia? James Oglethorpe’s contribution What was the long-term reality of the colony?

The Head and the Heart in America: The Enlightenment and Religious Awakening “Although the movements might seem fundamentally opposite . . . both criticized established authority and valued the experience of the individual. Both contributed to the humanitarianism that emerged at the end of the century, and both were products of capitalism.” The Ideas of the Enlightenment How did the Enlightenment alter Europeans’ view of the world and of knowledge in general? What was the impact on “traditional” sources (institutions) of knowledge, such as the Bible (church)? The Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy John Locke Adam Smith Enlightened Institutions Libraries for the public How did Enlightenment optimism impact organized religions?

The Head and the Heart in America: The Enlightenment and Religious Awakening (continued) Origins of the Great Awakening Ripe conditions for an awakening The Grand Itinerant: How did the Awakeners shake up the religious establishments of the colonies? Cultural Conflict and Challenges to Authority What was the widespread appeal of the Awakening? What the Awakening Wrought What was the new denominational divide created by the Awakening? Conclusion How did these two intellectual movements relate? What became the distinguishing characteristic of American life as a result? Individualism

Review Questions What were the primary sources of population increase in the eighteenth century? Compare the patterns of population growth of Europeans and Africans in the colonies. What was the “industrious revolution”? How did it shape the development of the colonial economy? What were the other key factors shaping the development of the colonial economy? What effect did this development have on the lives of ordinary men and women? What were the primary changes in urban and rural life in the eighteenth century?

Critical-Thinking Questions Was the development of the eighteenth-century consumer culture a democratizing force—or the opposite? Why were some eighteenth-century men and women drawn to the ideas of the Enlightenment whereas others were drawn to the Great Awakening? Analyze the relationship between humanitarianism and slavery, which developed at the same time.