KEY CONCEPT Specific environmental conditions are necessary in order for fossils to form.

Fossils can form in several ways. Permineralization- minerals carried by water are deposited around a hard structure.

A natural cast- flowing water removes all of the original tissue, leaving an impression.

Trace fossil- markings that record the activity of an organism.

Preserved fossils- are organisms that become trapped in ice or tree sap (that hardens after buried).

Preserved remains form when an entire organism becomes encased in material such as ice.

Specific conditions are needed for fossilization. Only a tiny percentage of living things became fossils.

Relative dating estimates the time during which an organism lived. It compares the placement of fossils in layers of rock.

Radiometric dating uses decay of unstable isotopes. Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in their number of neutrons. neutrons protrons

A half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of the isotope to decay.