Nationalism and Revolution around the world 1910-1939 Chapter 15 Nationalism and Revolution around the world 1910-1939

Africa and the Middle East A new generation of leaders will take over Africa in the 1920’s and 30’s They are proud of their heritage and try to restore Africa for Africans

Africans Some were forced to work on plantations The money they earned paid taxes to a country they hated They were forced off their land Only Europeans could grow profitable crops In Kenya, they had to carry identification cards, and restricted where they could travel

WWI During WWI 1 million Africans fought for their colonial ruler They were hoping for rights and opportunities Most stayed the same, but some got worse

South Africa 1910-1940 whites imposed a policy of racial segregation to ensure white supremacy Better paying jobs were restricted for whites They were forced to live on reserves By 1948- this policy would become law The segregation of blacks is called apartheid

Pan-Africanism Unity of Africans Strengthened resistance Led by Marcus Garvey W.E.B. DuBois organized the first pan-African conference Their ideas were ignored by the Western leaders

Negritude movement I want you to use your phones to locate the meaning of the term negritude movement I then want you to find an example from this movement Please compare this movement in African history to an event in U.S. history. How are they similar?

Egypt Egypt gets their independence from Britain in 1922 due to protests, strikes, and riots against the British Britain still controls their monarchy Many young Egyptians join a group called the Muslim Brotherhood because it rejected western culture

Ottoman Empire Mustafa Kemal over threw the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and declared Turkey a republic He changed his name to Ataturk meaning father of the Turks He tried to modernize Turkey by industrializing, setting up factories, and hiring westerners to advise Turkey economically

Persia A similar story occurs in Persia Their leader is overthrown by Reza Khan and rushed to modernize They had to wear western clothing and attend western like schools

Movie over the conflict between Israel and Palestine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r1EmEni2Rw

Peace conference betrayal The Allies had help from the Arabs during WWI They thought they would get their independence after the war The Allies carved up the Ottoman Empire and gave land to France and Britain

Betrayal continued Arabs felt betrayed- which they still feel today A major source of conflict was the British mandate over Palestine

Origins of the conflict Jews wanted to return to Palestine and began migrating there The Allies made two sets of promises Arabs their own kingdom in former Ottoman lands including Palestine Balfour Declaration- British advocated the idea of a national home for the Jews in Palestine. The declaration states that nothing can be done to harm the non Jewish communities already there

Bitter Struggle Begins Jewish population begins to grow in the area of Palestine due to WWII The Arab population grew as well Tensions between the two groups developed Religious differences heightened these tensions

India-section 3 Riots broke out in India against the British on April 13, 1919 They were forbidden to hold public meetings but did so regardless They gathered in a field and when the Indian leaders spoke, the British soldiers opened fire on the crowd and killed 400 Indians This event is called the Amritsar Massacre

Call for independence During WWI, more than a million Indians served overseas Britain had promised them self-governance after the war, but did not follow through A new leader arose in the 1920’s- Mohandas Gandhi

Gandhi Middle Class Studied law in England He used nonviolent means-ahimsa (uh HIM sah) He believed in the power of love He believed in a mixture of Western and Indian culture including the American ideas of civil disobedience, democracy, and nationalism

Gandhi sets an example He urged Indians to boycott British goods Britain held a salt monopoly and required Indians to buy from Britain Gandhi organized a march to the sea where they gathered their own salt Gandhi and tens of thousands were imprisoned

Steps towards freedom Around the world countries criticized Britain for their harsh treatment of India Millions of Indians still help Britain fight in WWII When the war ended in 1945-the issue of independence could not be avoided India got their independence in 1947 Aro

China China’s Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911 Their new leader Sun Yat-sen hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles Do you remember them from ch. 12 section 5? He made little progress and China fell into chaos

Warlord Problem Sun Yat-sen stepped down New leader Yuan Shikai (yoo AHN shih KY He tried to set up a new dynasty The military did not support him and therefore divided the nation even further

Local warlords War lords seized power The economy collapsed and millions of peasants suffered including famine During WWI, Japan presented China with their 21 demands You are going to look at the Twenty One demands of Japan, determine what they wanted, and if they are successful

Twenty One Demands Yuan gave into their demands 1919- Paris Peace Conference the Allies gave Japan control over German possessions in China China is mad!!

May Fourth Movement Student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919 The protests were cultural and intellectual Their goal was to strengthen China Their hope is to end foreign domination Women played a vital role in the marches and demonstrations including ending old practices like foot binding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8o5t01Sy9HM (3 minutes CNN interview)

Appeal of Marxism Communism looked appealing to many Chinese the Soviet Union was more willing to help China if they believed in Marxism 1921- China gets a new leader Sun Yixian He wanted to raise an army, defeat the warlords, and spread his rule but western democracies refused to help

Communism cont. Sun accepts aid from Soviet Union Jiang Jieshi (Jahng jeh shur) took over after Sun’s death He was called Chiang Kai-Shek He was a young army officer He wasn’t concerned about communism or democracy, he just wanted to crush local war lords

Chiang Kai- Shek He seized the chance to attack the communist party They were seen as a threat to his power He ordered troops in 1927 to slaughter the communist party members Thousands were killed This will lead to a bitter civil war for 22 years

Mao Zedong and the communists Mao Zedong escaped He believed the communists should get support from the small working class not the peasants Chiang again set the Guomindang on a series of extermination campaigns

Long March 1934-1935 the Long March in which Mao’s forces fight back They set up a base in northern China Mao plotted to set up strategies for fighting the nationalist party Communists enforced strict policy, treat peasants politely and pay for goods they wanted

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-long-march One minute video clip from history channel

Japanese invasion While China was fighting against themselves, Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 This forced China to unite and fight against Japan 1937-Japan invaded China again and forced Chiang’s army to retreat to interior

Nanjing Japanese troops marched into the city of Nanjing on December 13 It was an important cultural center The city surrendered and Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers, civilians and brutalized more This becomes known as the Rape of Nanjing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLN0IgCdKZw

Fight back The united Chinese fought back against the Japanese The Soviet Union set help as well as Great Britain, France, and the U.S. The U.S. aligned themselves with China against Japan in WWII

Japan- section 5