Applications of supply and demand

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Supply and Demand The goal of this chapter is to explain how supply and demand really work. What determines the price of a good or service? How does the.
Advertisements

Policy & the Perfectly Competitive Model: Consumer & Producer Surplus
Sales and Excise taxes.
Government Policies That Alter the Private Market Outcome
Chapter 6 What are price ceilings and price floors? What are some examples of each? How do price ceilings and price floors affect market outcomes? How.
Supply, Demand and Government Policies Chapter 6 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any.
1 Excise Tax. 2 Change in supply If non-price determinants of supply should change the supply curve will shift and we say there has been a change in supply.
Governments & marketsslide 1 Price Ceilings, Price Floors, and Excise Taxes.
Ch. 6: Markets in Action. Price ceiling and inefficiencies. Minimum wages and inefficiency. Sales tax Volatility of farm prices and revenues How production.
Chapter 6: “Supply, Demand and Government Policies”
Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies 2002 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
Competition and the Market
Copyright © 2004 South-Western 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies.
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
Copyright © 2004 South-Western 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western. Supply, Demand, and Government Policies In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices.
Price Ceilings and Price Floors How market prices are distorted by Government Policies.
Supply, Demand and Government Policies Chapter 6 Copyright © 2004 by South-Western,a division of Thomson Learning.
Role of Prices Economics Koehn/Molter. Review A demand schedule shows: – How much consumers are willing to buy a various prices. A supply schedule shows:
Supply, Demand and Government Policies
Welfare Analysis Consumer Surplus; Producer Surplus
This is an example of government intervention in a market.
Equilibrium. Market Equilibrium  A market is in equilibrium when total quantity demanded by buyers equals total quantity supplied by sellers.  An equilibrium.
1 Intermediate Microeconomics Equilibrium. 2 Partial Equilibrium We have now derived both the market demand curve (Q d (p)) and market supply curve (Q.
Harcourt Brace & Company Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies.
LECTURE #5: MICROECONOMICS CHAPTER 6 Government Intervention Policy Objectives Policy Tools.
Chapter 6 Market Efficiency and Government Intervention.
1 Excise Tax on a Market. 2 excise tax An excise tax is a tax on the seller of a product. We treat the tax as a cost of doing business. If there is no.
Chapter 15 Market Interventions McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Consumer and Producer Surplus
PRICE CONTROLS THE PRICE IS NOT FREE TO AUTOMATICALLY MOVE BACK TO EQUILIBRIUM.
Chapter 4: Government intervention in markets Price controls
Market Interventions chapter 15
Efficiency and Deadweight Loss
Welfare economicsslide 1 Analysis of Competitive Markets In this section, we examine the social welfare implications of competitive markets. The approach.
Consumer and Producer Surplus
Supply, Demand, and Government Policy
1 Chapter 4 Supply and Demand: Applications and Extensions.
Economic Efficiency, Government Price Setting, and Taxes
Chapter 6 Supply, Demand and Government Policies
(Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium) Chapter 3 Supply and Demand: In Introduction.
PRICE CONTROLS THE PRICE IS NOT FREE TO AUTOMATICALLY MOVE BACK TO EQUILIBRIUM.
Unit 2: Supply, Demand, and Consumer Choice 1. Government Involvement #1-Price Controls: Floors and Ceilings #2-Import Quotas #3-Subsidies #4-Excise Taxes.
Government Involvement: Price Controls, Imports and Subsidies 1.
Unit 3: Government Intervention
Unit 2: Supply, Demand, and Consumer Choice 1. REMEMBER THE STEPS! 2.
Government Policies Chapter 6. In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What are price ceilings and price floors? What are some examples.
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies E conomics P R I N C I P L E S O F Chapter 6.
Excise Tax And Allocative Efficiency. Effect of a $.15 Excise Tax QuantitySupply Price Before Tax Supply Price After Tax.
Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies Supply, Demand, and Government Policies 1. Price Ceiling 2. Price Floor 3. Effect of Taxes 4. Tax Incidence.
Principles of Microeconomics & Principles of Macroeconomics: Ch.6 Second Canadian Edition Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies © 2002 by Nelson,
The Analysis of Competitive Markets
Notes 4.4: Taxes and Subsidies
Unit 2: Supply, Demand, and Consumer Choice 1. REMEMBER THE STEPS! 2.
Chapter 6 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies Ratna K. Shrestha.
Oct The Analysis of Competitive Markets.
12. The relationship between quantity supplied and price is _____ and the relationship between quantity demanded and price is _____. A) direct, inverse.
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets E conomics P R.
The Analysis of Competitive Markets. Chapter 9Slide 2 Topics to be Discussed Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer.
Unit 2: Supply, Demand, and Consumer Choice 1. REMEMBER THE STEPS! 2.
© 2005 Worth Publishers Slide 6-1 CHAPTER 6 Consumer and Producer Surplus PowerPoint® Slides by Can Erbil and Gustavo Indart © 2005 Worth Publishers, all.
EFFICIENCY by Caterina Ficiarà. We know that a society has to face different problems. To sum up, the main difficulties we can find in every nation are:
SECT. 9: CONSUMER CHOICE Consumer and Producer Surplus.
KAPLAN BU204-4 CHAPTERS 3 & 4 Nicholas Bergan. Supply and Demand Model The demand curve The supply curve The set of factors that cause the demand curve.
PRICE CONTROLS THE PRICE IS NOT FREE TO AUTOMATICALLY MOVE BACK TO EQUILIBRIUM.
Chapter Supply, Demand, and Government Policies 6.
October 4&5,  The setting of prices (usually by the government) so that prices can not adjust to the equilibrium level that was determined by demand.
Chapter 15 Market Interventions McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Supply, Demand, and Government Policies
Presentation transcript:

Applications of supply and demand Comparative statics and government policy

Comparative statics The simple supply and demand model we have developed can be used to analyze the effects of many events on a market Here, we will start by analyzing the impacts of changes in supply and demand while holding other factors fixed We will then use the model to examine how government policy influences outcomes in the market

Shifts of the demand curve Example: Beer and pizza are complements P Q Pizza Suppose the price of beer falls. S P1 E1 D1 Q1

Shifts of the supply curve Example: Market for apples P Q Apples S1 Suppose the price of wine increases P1 E1 D1 Q1

Simultaneous shifts What if both demand and supply shift? Example: Market for scalped tickets P Q Tickets S1 E2 An unexpected addition to the concert P1 E1 In this example: big decrease in supply and a small increase in demand D1 Q1

Shifts in the opposite direction When supply and demand shift in opposite directions we can predict what happens to price but not quantity When demand increases and supply decreases: When demand decreases and supply increases:

Shifts in the same direction When supply and demand shift in the same direction we can predict what happens to quantity but not price When both demand and supply increase: When demand and supply decrease:

Government policy Government sometimes attempts alternative rationing mechanisms Usually on the grounds of moral fairness Three mechanisms we will study are: Price Ceilings/Floors Taxes Quotas

Price ceiling Suppose a price ceiling is introduced below the equilibrium price. Example: rent control P Q S This causes: PE E D QE

Price floor Suppose a price floor is introduced above the equilibrium price. Example: minimum wage P Q S This causes PE E D QE

Equilibrium and efficiency The demand curve tells you: At any given price, what is the quantity demanded? But it also tells you: Similarly, the supply curve tells you: At any given price, what is the quantity supplied?

Equilibrium and efficiency If the market is not in equilibrium, it is inefficient. Inefficient means some person could be made better off without making other people worse off. P S surplus PE E Example: price floor But the price floor prevents that trade (it would take place below the price floor). D QEF Q QE

Taxes We will study excise taxes An excise tax is a tax of a certain dollar amount on each unit bought or sold This can be imposed either on producers or on consumers (the legal incidence of the tax) Tax on Producer Tax on Consumer

An excise tax on producers An excise tax on producers of $T per unit shifts the supply curve up. P S1 PE E D Q QE

An excise tax on consumers An excise tax on consumers of $T per unit shifts the demand curve down. P S PE E D1 Q QE

Economic incidence of a tax In our two examples, if we assume that the amount of the tax (T) is the same, the results are exactly the same How exactly the tax is split up between consumers and producers we will look at in the next topic.

Taxes and efficiency Taxes create inefficiency: At least one consumer could be made better off without making others worse off. But the tax prevents that trade (not the whole tax T would be paid). P S2 S1 PC PE E T PP D Q QT QE

Quotas A quota simply limits the quantity of a good sold. Achieved by selling quota licenses. P S PE E D Q Q* QE

Supply and demand and welfare A story about happiness in dollars: consumer and producer surplus

Consumer surplus The demand curve shows the willingness to pay for each unit of the good. The consumer who buys the first unit of the good would have been willing to pay P1 but only has to pay PE. P P1 S PE E D Q QE

Changes in consumer surplus Suppose the equilibrium price falls. (Maybe because of an increase in supply.) Consumer surplus increases for two reasons: P S1 P1 E1 E2 D Q Q1

Producer surplus The supply curve shows the minimum cost for each unit of the good. The producer who sells the first unit of the good would have been willing to sell for P1 but actually gets PE. P S PE E P1 D Q QE

Changes in producer surplus Suppose the equilibrium price rises. (Maybe because of an increase in demand.) Producer surplus increases for two reasons: P S E2 P1 E1 D1 Q Q1

Total surplus Total surplus is the sum of (total) consumer surplus and (total) producer surplus. P S PE E D Q QE

Taxes and efficiency Taxes create inefficiency (a loss of total surplus). P S Available to society: Consumer surplus Producer surplus Tax revenue (QT · T) PC PE T E PP D Lost to society: QT Q QE