The Rise of Fascism

Today’s Standard Essential Question 10.7 Students analyze the rise of totalitarian governments after World War I. How did Mussolini and Hitler gain power and how did they use Fascism/Nazism to control the people? Essential Question

Crisis Leads to Fascism Worldwide depression lead to millions loosing faith in democracy Fascism: loyalty to state & obedience to leader, extreme nationalism, one-party rule Fascist promise – revive economy, punish those responsible, restore national pride

Mussolini Comes to Power Mussolini: Promises to rescue economy & rebuild army 1919: Founded Fascist Party Black Shirts wage terror 1921 election  Fascists included on ballot they win 35 seats. October, 1922  Mussolini threatened a coup d’etat. “March on Rome”  25,000 Black Shirts staged demonstrations (riots/protests) throughout the capital.

Mussolini Forms a Government King Victor Emmanuel III makes Mussolini Prime Minister Giving Mussolini the power to lead Italy 1925  Mussolini seized dictatorial powers during a political crisis Black Shirts murdered one of Mussolini’s chief Socialist critics, Giacomo Matteotti = no more compeititon

Mussolini Consolidate Power (1925-1931) New laws passed to create a single-party state: Independent political parties & trade unions were abolished. Strict Censorship for press and radio. Special courts created to persecute any political opposition. National police force created with a secret police component.

A Young Benito Mussolini

Mussolini in the early part of his dictatorship

Mussolini the Orator

Mussolini Was Hitler’s Role Model

Weimar Republic Rise and Fall Weak democratic gov’t in Germany led by a chancellor (prime minister) faced weak leadership and severe inflation People blamed the Weimar Republic for the hated Treaty of Versailles. U.S. Depression cause German economy to collapse  30% unemployed Grave of Weimar republic

Hitler in his mid to late 30’s

Hitler & the Nazis Nat’l Socialist German Worker’s Party, known as Nazis  German brand of fascism 1919 Hitler joined Nazi’s Main goal is to overthrow Treaty of Versailles He is chosen as der Führer (leader) of Nazis Hitler organizes supporters into “storm troopers” to fight against political enemies

Hitler’s Rise to Power Nazis try to seize power in the Beer Hall Puscht (1923)  Hitler jailed Mein Kampf (My Struggle)  becomes blueprint for Nazis Aryans = master race Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, Homosexuals inferior Blamed all countries problems on Jews Get Germany more Lebensraum (living space)

Hitler Becomes Chancellor Germans look for strong leader By 1932, Nazis largest political party 1933 Hitler named chancellor  Within 1 year he is dictator of Germany Night of Long Knives – June 30, 1934 Hitler’s Purge killed a minimum of 85 people Killed political rivals Creates totalitarian state Suspended civil rights Disbanded all political parties Executed disloyal Nazis

Hitler’s Totalitarian Government SS (elite military unit) & Gestapo (secret police) terrorize, arrest, & kill Propaganda, indoctrination, & censorship Controlled all areas of German life Enemies arrested or killed A warrant disc identified an operative as Gestapo without revealing personal identity. Insignia pins worn on SS commissioned and non-commissioned officers’ hats

Campaign against the Jews Hatred of Jews (anti-Semitism) Nuremburg Laws- laws deprive Jews of rights including: German citizenship; marrying non-Jews; attending or teaching at German schools; practicing law or medicine; publishing books 1935 chart from Nazi Germany used to explain the Nuremberg Laws

Kristallnacht Violence against Jews -(Kristallnacht) “Night of Broken Glass” November 7, 1938

Kristallnacht

267 Synagogues burned or destroyed

Jewish Cemeteries Desecrated by Nazis

November 1938. Jews arrested during Kristallnacht line up for roll call at the Buchenwald concentration camp

Hitler w/ child