a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source Fig. 11.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Red blood cell White blood cell Platelet SEM 2600x (a) 7.5 m 2.0 m Top view Side view (b) a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source

(percentage by weight) Fig. 11.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plasma (percentage by weight) Albumins 58% Proteins 7% Globulins 38% Percentage by volume Fibrinogen 4% Blood makes up about 8% of total body weight Water 91% Ions Nutrients Other solutes 2% Waste products Plasma 55% Gases Buffy coat Formed elements (number per cubic mm) Regulatory substances Platelets 250–400 thousand White blood cells Formed elements 45% White blood cells 5–10 thousand Neutrophils 60%–70% Lymphocytes 20%–25% Monocytes 3%–8% Red blood cells 4.2–6.2 million Eosinophils 2%–4% Basophils 0.5%–1% (left): ©liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF

a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source Fig. 11.3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Red blood cell White blood cell Platelet SEM 2600x (a) 7.5 m 2.0 m Top view Side view (b) a: ©National Cancer Institute/Science Source

Fig. 11.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stem cell (hemocytoblast) Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell Proerythroblast Megakaryoblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Early erythroblast Progranulocyte Megakaryocyte Intermediate erythroblast Basophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Late erythroblast Megakaryocyte breakup Nucleus extruded Basophilic band cell Eosinophilic band cell Neutrophilic band cell Reticulocyte Platelets Monocyte Red blood cell Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte

Decreased Increased blood blood oxygen oxygen Red blood cells Fig. 11.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Decreased blood oxygen Increased blood oxygen Red blood cells Increased red blood cell production Kidney Red bone marrow Increased erythropoietin (EPO)

Fig. 11.5 Aged, abnormal, or damaged red blood cells Macrophage Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aged, abnormal, or damaged red blood cells Macrophage in spleen or liver 1 In macrophages, the globin part of hemoglobin is broken down to individual amino acids (red arrow) and metabolized or used to build new proteins. Hemoglobin 120 days in general circulation Heme Globin 1 Iron Amino acids 2 The heme of hemoglobin releases iron. The heme is converted into bilirubin. 2 Bilirubin Red blood cells 3 Blood transports iron to the red bone marrow, where it is used to produce new hemoglobin (green arrows). Red blood cell production 4 3 Bilirubin in blood Iron 4 Blood transports bilirubin (blue arrows) to the liver. Spleen 5 Bilirubin is excreted as part of the bile into the small intestine. Some bilirubin derivatives contribute to the color of feces. Liver 6 Other bilirubin derivatives are reabsorbed from the intestine into the blood and excreted from the kidneys in the urine. Bilirubin in bile 5 Kidney 6 Intestines Bilirubin derivatives in blood

Table 11.2

Fig. 11.6

(all): ©Victor Eroschenko Fig. 11.7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. LM 1200x (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (all): ©Victor Eroschenko

Fig. 11.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stem cell (hemocytoblast) Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell Proerythroblast Megakaryoblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Early erythroblast Progranulocyte Megakaryocyte Intermediate erythroblast Basophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Late erythroblast Megakaryocyte breakup Nucleus extruded Basophilic band cell Eosinophilic band cell Neutrophilic band cell Reticulocyte Platelets Monocyte Red blood cell Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte

Table 11.2

Fig. 11.6

(percentage by weight) Fig. 11.1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plasma (percentage by weight) Albumins 58% Proteins 7% Globulins 38% Percentage by volume Fibrinogen 4% Blood makes up about 8% of total body weight Water 91% Ions Nutrients Other solutes 2% Waste products Plasma 55% Gases Buffy coat Formed elements (number per cubic mm) Regulatory substances Platelets 250–400 thousand White blood cells Formed elements 45% White blood cells 5–10 thousand Neutrophils 60%–70% Lymphocytes 20%–25% Monocytes 3%–8% Red blood cells 4.2–6.2 million Eosinophils 2%–4% Basophils 0.5%–1% (left): ©liquidlibrary/PictureQuest RF

Table 11.1

Centrifuge blood in the hematocrit tube Hematocrit tube 100 90 80 Fig. 11.14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Centrifuge blood in the hematocrit tube Hematocrit tube 100 90 80 Hematocrit scale Plasma 70 60 50 White blood cells and platelets form the buffy coat. 40 30 Withdraw blood into hematocrit tube. 20 Red blood cells 10 Male Female

Fig. 11.8 ADP Thromboxane 3 Platelet 1 Platelet adhesion occurs when Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ADP Thromboxane 3 Platelet 1 Platelet adhesion occurs when von Willebrand factor connects exposed collagen to platelets. Granules 2 Fibrinogen Endothelial cell 1 von Willebrand factor Fibrinogen receptor 2 During the platelet release reaction, ADP, thromboxanes, and other chemicals are released and activate other platelets. Collagen 3 Platelet aggregation occurs when fibrinogen receptors on activated platelets bind to fibrinogen, connecting the platelets to one another. The accumulating mass of platelets forms a platelet plug. Blood vessel wall Platelet plug Smooth muscle cell

Fig. 11.9 Stage 1 Inactive clotting factors 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stage 1 Inactive clotting factors 1 Inactive clotting factors in the plasma are activated by exposure to connective tissue or by chemicals released from tissues. Through a series of reactions, the activated clotting factors form prothrombinase. Connective tissue exposed; chemicals released Calcium and platelet chemicals Injury to vessel 1 Active clotting factors Prothrombinase Stage 2 2 Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin. Prothrombin Thrombin 2 Stage 3 3 Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin (the clot). Fibrin (clot) Fibrinogen 3

Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactive Fig. 11.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator Plasminogen Plasmin 1 Fibrin (clot) Fibrin breaks down (clot fibrinolysis) 2 1 Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert inactive plasminogen into plasmin. 2 Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot, resulting in clot fibrinolysis.

Fig. 11.11 Antigen A Antigen B Antigens A and B Neither antigen A Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Antigen A Antigen B Antigens A and B Neither antigen A nor antigen B Red blood cells Anti-B antibody Anti-A antibody Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Anti-A and anti-B antibodies Plasma Type A Type B Type AB Type O Red blood cells with type A surface antigens and plasma with anti-B antibodies Red blood cells with type B surface antigens and plasma with anti-A antibodies Red blood cells with both type A and type B surface antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B plasma antibodies Red blood cells with neither type A nor type B surface antigens but both anti-A and anti-B plasma antibodies

+ + Fig. 11.12 (a) No agglutination reaction. Type A blood Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) No agglutination reaction. Type A blood donated to a type A recipient does not cause an agglutination reaction because the anti-B antibodies in the recipient do not combine with the type A antigens on the red blood cells in the donated blood. + Anti-B antibody in type A blood of recipient Antigen and antibody do not match. Type A blood of donor No agglutination (b) Agglutination reaction. Type A blood donated to a type B recipient causes an agglutination reaction because the anti-A antibodies in the recipient combine with the type A antigens on the red blood cells in the donated blood. + Anti-A antibody in type B blood of recipient Antigen and antibody match. Type A blood of donor Agglutination

Fig. 11.13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fetal Rh-positive red blood cell in maternal circulation Maternal blood Placenta Placental tissue 1 1 Before or during delivery, Rh- positive red blood cells from the fetus enter the blood of an Rh- negative woman through a tear in the placenta. Fetal blood in capillary Fetal Rh-positive red blood cell Maternal blood is separated from fetal blood by the chorion. First Pregnancy Anti-Rh antibodies 2 2 The mother is sensitized to the Rh antigen and produces anti-Rh antibodies. Because this usually happens after delivery, the fetus is not affected in the first pregnancy. 3 During a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus, if Rh-positive red blood cells cross the placenta and enter the maternal circulation, they can stimulate the mother to produce antibodies against the Rh antigen. Antibody production is rapid because the mother has been sensitized to the Rh antigen. Maternal blood 3 4 Fetal blood in capillary 4 The anti-Rh antibodies from the mother cross the placenta, causing agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells, and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) develops. Subsequent Pregnancy