Industrialization in Russia & Japan

I. Russia Before Reform Russia was concerned with Western influence on society Conservatives supported isolation Holy Alliance Tsar Alexander I sponsored alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria Wanted to retain established order after French Revolution and Napoleon Conservativism produced tensions with intellectuals interested in Western progress Wanted more political freedom, education/scientific advancement Decemberist uprising of 1825 Army officers favored liberal reforms Led Tsar Nicolas I to increase repressive tactics Tight control of politics and reform allowed Russia to avoid wave of revolution that swept Europe in mid-19th century

II. Reform & Early Industrialization Russia lagged behind industrialization of Western Europe Increased production through tighter control of serfs, rather than introducing western technologies/methods Loss of Crimean War to the West acted as a wake-up call Attempted to implement reforms, but retain distinctive Russian traditions Emancipation of serfs occurred in 1861 Gave no political rights at national level Required to pay for land they were tied to Created larger urban labor force Other reforms Creation of local political councils – zemstvoes

II. Continued… Other reforms (continued…) Military improved through organizational changes State-sponsored industrialization efforts increased Trans-Siberian railroad connected European Russia with Pacific ocean Connected Russia with Asia

III. Protest in Russia Reforms encouraged minority groups to demand more Nationalism began to sweep parts of imperial Russia Uprisings inspired by famines, high taxes Rise of intelligentsia – radical intellectuals Argued for greater freedoms in education, press Tsar Alexander II tightened control of news and politics in response Assassinated in 1881, successors continued oppressive policies Russian Revolution of 1905 Partly due to defeat by Japan in Russo-Japanese War Mostly due to urban workers and peasant oppression Resulted in Stolypin reforms Gave peasant farmers more freedom over land Urban workers continued to protest and strike Would become basis for communist revolution led by Lenin

5-minute Response How was the experience in Russia during the age of industrialization similar to that of Qing China?

IV. Japan – Decline of the Shoguns 19th century – Shogunate falling apart Difficulty combining central bureaucracy with regional alliances Only taxed agricultural products, limited income Have to hire samurai, becomes expensive, unsustainable Japan becomes more secular – prevents religion-based revolution Japan starts pushing nationalism Terakoya schools – Confucianism, reading, writing Common pattern of conservative traditionalists vs. reform-oriented intellectuals Japanese traditions/Shinto vs. Dutch Studies – can learn from the West

V. End of Isolationism American threat opened Japanese markets Needed more foreign markets for growing U.S. economy Pressure from West’s military superiority Dutch schools begin to expand, more people supported end of isolation Conservatives mount resistance Samurai began attacking foreigners Civil War broke out in 1866 Shoganate brought down under reign of emperor Mutsuhito, “Meiji” or “Enlightened One” Pushed for greater reforms

VI. Change Under Meiji Abolished feudalism and samurai Expanded tax beyond agriculture Created parliament (called Diet) Emperor and advisors pulled the strings State sponsored industrialization New banks provided capital (money) Railroads, steamships connect parts of Japan Government control helped keep industrialization going Later, private enterprise expanded Japan’s economy, industry Creation of zaibatsu – huge industrial combines, like corporations Resource poor – depended on imports from West Laborers, especially women, treated poorly

VII. Effects of Industrialization Increased class tensions Embraced some Western influence Clothing, haircuts, medicine Ignored some of the West Don’t convert to Christianity in large numbers – encourage Shintoism Etiquette/social rituals remained important Divorce rates increase, but women kept inferior Militarization – new imperialism Won fights with China, Russia; take over Korea Political tensions increased – continue fight over traditional vs. Western ideologies Wanted to prove to world they were equal to Western powers

5-minute Response Compare Russia and Japan during the age of industrialization. How were they alike, how were they different in terms of development?