Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900 – the Present Midterm Content ONLY and was OR will be taught (CCOT & Compare/Contrast Essays) in Chapter 23, 26, 30, 31 & 32.

Key Concepts Grid Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformation (to C. 600 B.C.E.) Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 B.C.E. to C. 600 C.E.) Period 3: Regional and Interregional Interactions (c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450) Period 4: Global Interactions (c. 1450 to c. 1750) Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (c. 1750 to c. 1900) Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (c. 1900 to the Present) 1.1 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth 2.1 The development and codification of religious and cultural traditions 3.1 Expansion and intensification of communication and exchange networks. 4.1 Globalizing networks of communication and exchange. 5.1 Industrialization and global capitalism. 6.1 Science and the environment. 1.2 The Neolithic Revolution and early agricultural societies 2.2 The development of states and empires 3.2 Continuity and innovation of state forms and their interactions. 4.2 New forms of social organization and modes of production. 5.2 Imperialism and nation-state formation. 6.2 Global conflicts and their consequences. 1.3 The development and interactions of early agricultural, pastoral, and urban societies 2.3 The emergence of trans-regional networks of communication and exchange. 3.3 Increased economic productive capacity and its consequences. 4.3 State consolidation and imperial expansion. 5.3 Nationalism, revolution, and reform. 6.3 New conceptualizations of global economy, society, and culture.   5.4 Global migration.

Key Concept 6.2 6.2 Global conflicts and their consequences.

Europe dominated the global political order at the start of the 20th century But both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new states by the end of the century

The older, land-based empires like the Ottoman, Russian and Qing empires collapsed due to combo of internal and external factors Between two world wars, European imperial states often maintained control over their colonies and in some cases gained new lands

India from the British Empire After the end of World War II… Some colonies negotiated their independence Other colonies achieved independence through armed struggle Examples of negotiated independence India from the British Empire Gold Coast (Africa) from the British Empire French West Africa

Examples of independence through armed struggle Algeria and Vietnam from French Empire Angola from the Portuguese Empire Mau Mau Rebellion (Kenya) against British Empire

Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and restructuring of states Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule

Indian National Congress All India Muslim League Examples of nationalist leaders and parties Indian National Congress All India Muslim League Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam) Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)

All India Muslim League in British India Regional, religious and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries Examples of regional, religious and ethnic movements All India Muslim League in British India Quebecois separatist movement in Canada Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria

Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries Examples of transnational movements Communism Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism

The Mexican Revolution arose in opposition to neocolonialism and economic imperialism Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia and Latin America Sometimes advocating communism or socialism

In many parts of the world, religious movements sought to redefine the relationship between the individual and the state Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences

Like the partitioning (dividing) of India and Pakistan The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements Like the partitioning (dividing) of India and Pakistan And population displacements following the creation of Israel

This maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the empire dissolved Metropole = former colonizing country’s major cities

After imperial empire dissolved there was a migration of former colonial subjects to the home imperial country Examples of migrations South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the U.S.

Rise of extremist groups in power led to the annihilation of specific populations and to other acts of genocide or ethnic violence Examples of genocide or ethnic violence Armenians in Turkey during World War I Holocaust during World War II Cambodia during late 1970s Tutsi in Rwanda in 1990s

Imperialism to Decolonization after World Wars

Alliances with Colonial empires Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented scale WWI and WWII were the first total wars Gov’t’s used a variety of strategies to mobilize people for war including Political propaganda Art Media Intensified forms of nationalism Alliances with Colonial empires

Gov’t’s used ideologies to mobilize all of their states resources for war Fascism Versus Communism In totalitarian states they directed as many aspects of daily life to fit into the actions of war

Imperialist expansion by Europe and Japan Competition for resources Reasons for global conflict in the first half of 20th century Imperialist expansion by Europe and Japan Competition for resources Economic crisis caused by Great Depression Rise of fascist and totalitarian regimes to power

Global balance of economic and political power shifted after the end of WWII and evolved into the Cold War The democracy of the U.S. and Communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers Led to ideological conflict and power struggle between communist socialism and democratic capitalism

Mohandas Gandhi Martin Luther King Jr. Nelson Mandela Certain groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century Some practiced nonviolence as a way to bring about political change Mohandas Gandhi Martin Luther King Jr. Nelson Mandela

Anti-Apartheid Movement in S. Africa Groups and individuals opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders This included the Non-Aligned Movement Examples of alternative groups/people Anti-Apartheid Movement in S. Africa Participants in global uprisings in 1968 Tiananmen Square protesters that promoted democracy in China

Examples of movements that used violence Some movements used violence against civilians to achieve political goals Examples of movements that used violence Che Guevara's “The New Left” in South, Latin America and Cuba IRA in Ireland ETA in Spain Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan

Key Concept 6.3 6.3 New conceptualizations of global economy, society, and culture.

States responded in variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century to respond to European Decolonization and Democratization which directly competed against the U.S. Free Market/Capitalism and democracy during the Cold War. In communist states, like Soviet Union and China, gov’t’s controlled their national economies Often through repressive policies and with negative repercussions for their people

Examples of communist gov’t’s controlling their economies The Five Year Plans (Soviet Union) The Great Leap Forward (China)

Wilson’s Fourteen Points and U.S. Foreign Policy for over 100 years Examples of the U.S. and democracy playing an increasing role in World Affairs The Spanish American War and Ted Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet before WWI Imperializing of Pacific and Western Hemisphere including Latin America, Cuba, the Philippines, and more. U.S. interventionism at the end of WWI Wilson’s Fourteen Points and U.S. Foreign Policy for over 100 years U.S. passing Lend Lease Act to help allies in World War II U.S. entry in WWII after Pearl Harbor U.S. competition (Space Race, Nuclearization, intervention in Asia Korea and Vietnam, military build up and military industrial complex, etc. leading to Cold War with USSR and economic competition with China.

Nehru’s planned economy in India In newly independent states after WWII, gov’t’s often took a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development Examples of gov’t’s guiding economic life Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt Nehru’s planned economy in India Julius Nyere in Tanzania

After the Cold War many Western gov’t’s encouraged free market economic policies Also promoted economic liberalization in the 20th century. Many new nations attempted liberalization to remain democratic but the most successful was probably India under Nehru.

People saw society and culture in new ways Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion In much of the world, access to education and participation in new political and professional roles increased

Examples of challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender and religion U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (especially for children, women and refugees) Global feminism movements Negritude movement Indian Independence Movement and outlaw of Caste System (Gandhi and Jenna) Liberation theology in Latin America (Che Guevara) Civil Rights (NAACP) and Women’s Rights (NOW) in America (Dr. King and Gloria Steinem) Ending of Apartheid in South Africa (Mandela) Islamic renewal movements in Egypt and Saudi Arabia

Examples of increased access to education and political, professional roles Right to vote and to hold public office for women granted in U.S. 1920 Brazil 1932 Turkey 1934 Japan 1945 India 1947 Morocco 1963

More examples… Rising rate of female literacy and the increasing numbers of women in higher education in most parts of the world Desegregation of American Public Schools U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965 End of apartheid in South Africa Case and reservation in the Indian Constitution of 1950

Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and literature In second half of century, popular and consumer culture became more global

Examples of global culture Reggae (Caribbean and Latin musical influences for the oppressed had its foundations in African culture.) Rap in 1980’s Bollywood (Started in 1913 to emulate growing material movement and created escapist attitudes from India’s problems to emulate American pop culture. Growth of Indian Film Industry based on the growth of Hollywood but maintaining Hindu ancestral influence. Ancient Hindu epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana ancient Sanskrit drama and traditional folk theater of India and Parsi theater. Today, it copies western Holloywood and wester television.) World Cup soccer The Olympics

INDIA Mera Bharath Mahaan Just for fun. Make sure you at least read the last slide and you will see why I spend so much time on India. It will make sense and give you a different perspective on the origin of humanity. After Christmas break, we may use the images to start the DBQ with documents. It will be a fun way to start.

The subcontinent of India lies in south Asia, between Pakistan, China and Nepal. To the north it is bordered by the world's highest mountain chain, where foothill valleys cover the northernmost of the country's 26 states. Further south, plateaus, tropical rain forests and sandy deserts are bordered by palm fringed beaches .

5,000 year old civilization 325 languages spoken – 1,652 dialects 18 official languages 29 states, 5 union territories 3.28 million sq. kilometers - Area 7,516 kilometers - Coastline 1,000,000,000 people in 2000

Secular democratic constitution Parliamentary form of Government Secular democratic constitution Worlds largest democracy since 55 years 4th largest economy Fastest growing IT super power Indian Railways ,the biggest employer in the world.

HISTORY

India's history goes back to 3,200 BC when Hinduism was first founded India's history goes back to 3,200 BC when Hinduism was first founded. Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism. Judaism. Zoroashtrianism, Christianity and Islam all exist within the country today.

Generates-Brahma Observes-Vishnu Destroys-Shiva THE TRINITY

Longest Epic in world literature with 100,000 two-line stanzas The Great Indian Epics Mahabharata Ramayana Longest Epic in world literature with 100,000 two-line stanzas The first Indian epic

Indus Valley Civilization- one of the world’s first great urban civilizations. Harappa Civilization- 2700BC

World’s first university in Takshila –700 B.C Ayurveda- earliest school of medicine known to humans Sanskrit Language –most suitable for computer software

Yoga- Made in India Origin –5000 BC Documented by 200 BC – 300 AD

Origin of Martial arts – 200 BC Kalarippayat

1700’s BRITISH INVASION

15th August , 1947 Indian Independence 26th January , 1950 Republic- India

“Truth alone triumphs” National Emblem “Truth alone triumphs”

NATIONAL ANIMAL

National Bird - Peacock

National Flower - Lotus

Great Indian Personalities

Aryabhatta Invented the Zero

Embodiment of Non- Violence Mahatma Gandhi Father of the nation Embodiment of Non- Violence

Champion of humanitarianism Swami Vivekananda Champion of humanitarianism

Great Indian Mathematician Postulated and proved 3,542 theorems Ramanujam Great Indian Mathematician Postulated and proved 3,542 theorems

1913 – Nobel Prize in Literature Rabindranath Tagore 1913 – Nobel Prize in Literature

1930 - Nobel Laureate in Physics C.V Raman 1930 - Nobel Laureate in Physics Work on scattering of light and Raman effect

Mother Teresa 1979 – Nobel Prize in Peace

1968 - Nobel Laureate in Medicine Har Gobind Khorana 1968 - Nobel Laureate in Medicine Work on interpretation of the genetic code

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar 1983 - Nobel Laureate in Physics Work on structure and evolution of stars

DANCE FORMS

45 folk dances

7 Classical Dance forms

Bharata Natyam

Kathak

Kathakali

Kuchipudi

Manipuri

Mohini Attam

Odissi

More than 60 music instruments More than 15 vocal forms More than 60 music instruments

India - God’s own country Celebrates more than 65 festivals

Places of historic importance

World’s richest temple Tirumala - Tirupati World’s richest temple

Saint Thomas Cathedral Statue of Virgin Mary brought from Portugal in 1543

The Golden Temple

The biggest mosque in India Jamma Masjid The biggest mosque in India

Thousand pillar temple

Gateway of India

Modernistic structures to observe the movement of stars Jantar Mantar – 1716 Modernistic structures to observe the movement of stars

Illuminated by 97,000 light bulbs Mysore Palace Illuminated by 97,000 light bulbs

Largest monolithic statue in Asia Buddha Statue Largest monolithic statue in Asia

Jewel in the crown of Kashmir Dal Lake Jewel in the crown of Kashmir

The Taj Mahal

Calcutta – City of joy

Cherrapunji Wettest place on earth

India is,the cradle of the human race,the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history,the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition.Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only. -Mark Twain We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. -Albert Einstein

Jai Hind -