Compare and contrast Animal vs. Plant Cells CH. 6 WARM-UP Compare and contrast Animal vs. Plant Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

Science Starter 10/7: What do you remember about cells? Be specific and detailed!

Notes 2- Cell Theory and Types of Cells 3

HOW WE STUDY CELLS Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells 4

Scale of cells Note that light microscopes can not magnify as well as electron microscopes 5

Light Microscopes (LM) vs. Electron Microscopes (EM) 6

COMPARISONS OF SCOPES Light Electron Visible light passes through specimen Refracts light so specimen is magnified Magnify up to 1000X Specimen can be alive/moving Color Focuses a beam of electrons through/onto specimen Magnify up to 1,000,000 times Specimen non-living and in vacuum Black and white 7

Cell Theory: All living things are made up of cells The cell is the structural and functional unit of living things All cells come from pre-existing cells by division Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during division All cells have similar chemical composition 8

Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea 2 TYPES OF CELLS: Prokaryotes: Domain Bacteria & Archaea Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya): Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals 9

A PROKARYOTIC CELL (BACTERIA) 10

PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE Has nucleus and nuclear envelope Membrane-bound organelles with specialized structure/function Much larger in size More complex ex. plant/animal cell No nucleus No organelles other than ribosomes Small size Primitive ex. Bacteria & Archaea 11

CELL SIZE AND SCALE http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale / 12

Cells must be small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio Large S.A. allows increased rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment 13

SURFACE AREA EXAMPLE (ANIMAL): Small Intestine: highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients Villi: finger-like projections on SI wall Microvilli: projections on each cell 14

SURFACE AREA EXAMPLE (PLANT): Root hairs: extensions of root cells; increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals 15

Stop Notes 2 16

WARM-UP 10/23: What are the 2 main types of cells? Which Domains do they consist of? List 3 ways that eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes.

NUCLEUS Function: control center of cell Contains DNA Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) Continuous with the rough ER Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed 18

NUCLEUS Contains DNA Function: control center of cell Surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope) Continuous with the rough ER Nuclear pores: control what enters/leaves nucleus Chromatin: complex of DNA + proteins; makes up chromosomes Nucleolus: region where ribosomal subunits are formed 19

RIBOSOMES Function: protein synthesis Composed of rRNA + protein Large subunit + small subunit Types: Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell 20

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Network of membranes and sacs Types: Rough ER: ribosomes on surface Function: package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to Golgi, make replacement membrane Smooth ER: no ribosomes on surface Function: synthesize lipids, metabolize carbs, detox drugs & poisons, store Ca2+ 21

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) 22

GOLGI APPARATUS Function: synthesis & packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles); produce lysosomes Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) 23

LYSOSOMES Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s materials; programmed cell death (apoptosis) Contains hydrolytic enzymes 24

VACUOLES Function: storage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons) Membrane-bound vesicles Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles Plants: large central vacuole -- stores water, ions 25

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Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-109 29

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MITOCHONDRIA Function: site of cellular respiration Double membrane: outer and inner membrane Cristae: folds of inner membrane; contains enzymes for ATP production; increased surface area to ↑ ATP made Matrix: fluid-filled inner compartment 31

CHLOROPLASTS Function: site of photosynthesis Double membrane Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma (fluid) Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for capturing sunlight energy 32

PEROXISOMES Functions: break down fatty acids; detox alcohol Involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 33

CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS Function: support, motility, regulate biochemical activities 34

3 TYPES OF CYTOSKELETON FIBERS: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments Protein = tubulin Largest fibers Shape/support cell Track for organelle movement Component of cilia/flagella Protein = actin Smallest fibers Support cell on smaller scale Cell movement Eg. muscle cell contraction Intermediate size Permanent fixtures Maintain shape of cell Fix position of organelles

3 TYPES OF CYTOSKELETON FIBERS: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments 36

CILIA & FLAGELLA Flagella: long and few; propel through water Cilia: short and numerous; locomotion or move fluids 37

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Outside plasma membrane Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen) Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cell 38

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS (ANIMAL CELLS) Tight junctions: 2 cells are fused to form watertight seal Desmosomes: “rivets” that fasten cells into strong sheets Gap junctions: channels through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass 39

PLANT CELLS Cell wall: protect plant, maintain shape Composed of cellulose Plasmodesmata: channels between cells to allow passage of molecules 40

Plant Cells Only Animals Cells Only Central vacuoles Lysosomes Chloroplasts Centrioles Cell wall of cellulose Flagella, cilia Plasmodesmata Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions Extracellular matrix (ECM) 41

10/24 1. Name 3 organelles or cell structures and their function. 42

ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Mitochondria & chloroplasts share similar origin Prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells Evidence: Double-membrane structure Have own ribosomes & DNA Reproduce independently within cell

CELL VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4D06JfGS8Q 44

Do Now 10/24 Name 5 organelles or cell structures and their function.