Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

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Thinking Critically With Psychological Science David G. Myers Exploring Psychology Eighth Edition Chapter 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Aristotle 300BC Aristotle Philosopher Wilhelm Wundt Philosopher Ivan Pavlov Physiologist Sigmund Freud Physician Jean Piaget Biologists William James Philosopher

Definition of Psychology Today Psychology – the science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature vs. Nurture

Case Study – Andrea Yeates Movements in Psychology Introspection – focusing on inner sensations, images, and feelings Behaviorism – focus on observable behavior Humanistic – focuses on individual, growth potential Cognitive Neuroscience – the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition.

Psychology’s Current Perspectives Focus Basic Idea Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions? If a behavior is not normal, there must be brain damage. Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? Our behaviors are driven by the need to survive and/or reproduce. Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? Our behaviors are largely controlled by our genetic inheritance.

Psychology’s Current Perspectives Focus Basic Idea Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? Behaviors are driven by suppressed traumatic experiences and emotions from our childhood. Behavioral How we learn observable responses? We behave in certain ways either to get a reward or to avoid a punishment.

Psychology’s Current Perspectives Focus Basic Idea Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? We behave according to the way that we perceive the world. We are either fall on the spectrum of optimism and pessimism. This perception is taught to us while young. Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? Our behaviors are driven by the culture in which we live. Some behaviors are normal in one culture though inappropriate in another. (personal space, clothing, touching, gun ownership, etc.)

Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Psychologist What she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

Psychology is a Science Psychologists use a scientific approach when studying a problem. Watch out for Hindsight Bias -I knew it all along. Overconfidence-We think we know more than we do. The Scientific Attitude – Curiosity, Skepticism, and Humility

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Figure 1.2 The scientific method Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

The Methods to Test Hypothesis Descriptive Method – Describing behavior while or after observing them. Correlation – After describing behaviors, looking for correlations (relationships) between behaviors. Experimentation – Clarifying cause and effect by eliminating factors.

Descriptive Methods Case Study – Study one subject to examine behavior. Survey – Be careful with wording and make sure you have a Random Sample. Naturalistic Observation – Observing people or animals in their natural habitat.

Correlation – After describing behaviors, looking for correlations (relationships) between behaviors. Figure 1.3 Three possible cause-effect relationships Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Experimentation – Clarifying cause and effect by eliminating factors. Keys to experimentation: Random Assignment Experimental Group Control Group Blind Procedure Placebo Effect Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Figure 1.5 Experimentation Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers

Marshmallow Test Figure 1.6 What do you see? Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers