Q.Q. 1/17/19 What does “genetic engineering” mean? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Photo credit: ©Anup Shah/Dembinsky Photo Associates Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Selective Breeding (Artificial Selection) Purpose: Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms. Examples: Nearly all domestic animals and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Selective Breeding Hybrids  individuals produced by such crosses, are often hardier than either of the parents. Example: Pluot Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Another Hybrid Example: Mules and Ligers Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Manipulating DNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Tools of Molecular Biology Gel electrophoresis Purpose: Separating DNA for various testing and manipulating How it works: DNA is cut into fragments, placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to separate fragments by size. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Tools of Molecular Biology: Gel Electrophoresis DNA plus restriction enzyme Power source Longer fragments Shorter fragments Mixture of DNA fragments Gel Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments. First, restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments. The DNA fragments are then poured into wells on a gel, which is similar to a thick piece of gelatin. An electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. Because longer fragments of DNA move through the gel more slowly, they do not migrate as far across the gel as shorter fragments of DNA. Based on size, the DNA fragments make a pattern of bands on the gel. These bands can then be compared with other samples of DNA.  DNA Fingerprint Animation Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Example of Use: Paternity Testing Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Tools of Molecular Biology Genetic Engineering making changes in the DNA code of an organism. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Transforming Bacteria Genetic Engineering Transformation Purpose: To take DNA from outside the cell and integrate the information into a new cell’s DNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Transforming Bacteria Plasmid- small, circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria Recombinant DNA- the newly integrated DNA of the old cell with the new cell’s Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Transforming Bacteria * Example: gene for human insulin

GMO (genetically modified organism) Genetic Engineering Transgenic an organism that contains DNA from an unrelated organism and was artificially introduced. GMO (genetically modified organism) Organism that had its genes altered through genetic engineering (added genes from other organisms, removed genes by genetic engineering means, etc) The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Some benefits of transgenic species…. Transgenic bacteria produce important substances useful for health and industry.(i.e. human insulin and growth hormones) Transgenic animals have been used to study genes and to improve the food supply. Mice have been produced with human genes; allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system. Researchers are trying to produce transgenic chickens that will be resistant to the bacterial infections that can cause food poisoning. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Bioluminescent gene from jelly fish inserted into pigs Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Plants  Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply. Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Process of creating an organism that has genetically identical cells of another organism from a single cell. *In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned a sheep called Dolly. Lived 7 years Dolly and Bonnie The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s first offspring, called Bonnie. The fact that Dolly was cloned did not affect her ability to produce a live offspring. Photo Credit: PA News Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning Cloning Dolly “Clone Mimi the Mouse” Donor Nucleus Fused cell Egg Cell In early 1997, Dolly made headlines as the first clone of an adult mammal.  Embryo Cloned Lamb Foster Mother Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cloning To Clone or Not to Clone?? Pros- Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and help save endangered species. Cons- Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from a number of genetic defects and health problems. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall