Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PowerPoint Presentations for Seventh Edition Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature Chapter 2 Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.  The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What is Biopsychology? The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What is neuroscience? Focuses on how the brain produces mental processes and behavior Interdisciplinary field psychologists biologists computer scientists chemists neurologists linguists Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How Are Genes and Behavior Linked? Evolution has fundamentally shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior Key Question 2.1: How are genes and behaviors linked? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Darwin and Natural Selection 5 years surveying the coastline of South America Radical idea about relationship among species All creatures, including humans, share a common ancestry On the Origin of Species (1859) Natural selection – Individuals best adapted to the environment are more likely to flourish and reproduce Cut out clip art? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Genes and Inheritance Genotype – An organism’s genetic makeup; What makes you different from anyone else. Phenotype – An organism’s observable physical characteristics, including your visible traits and biological traits. Evolution has fundamentally shaped psychological processes Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Genome – The complete set of genetic information contained within a cell DNA – A long, complex molecule that encodes genetic characteristics Genes – The functional units of a chromosome composed of nucleotides Genetics and inheritance Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Chromosomes – Tightly coiled threadlike structures along which the genes are organized Sex chromosomes – The X and Y chromosomes that determine our physical sex characteristics Genetics and inheritance Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Genetic Explanations for Psychological Processes Intelligence Personality Mental disorders Sexual orientation Reading and language abilities -Influence of multiple genes on psychological processes -Never attribute psychological characteristics to genetics alone Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Choosing Your Children’s Genes Interesting questions to address: If you could select three genetic traits for your children, which ones would you select? If a biological child of your had a life-threatening illness, would you attempt to conceive a “savior sibling? Why or why not? If you knew you might carry a gene responsible for a serious medical or behavior disorder, would you want to be tested before having children? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How Does the Body Communicate Internally? The brain coordinates the body’s two communication systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system, which uses chemical processes to communicate with targets throughout the body Key Question 2.2: How does the brain communicate internally? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Body’s Dual Communication System Neurons (Nerve cells): Cell specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body. Nervous system: network of neurons that extends all through the body Endocrine system: a group of glands that operates together and in parallel with the nervous system How does the body communicate internally? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Neuron Types of Neurons: Sensory neurons (carry messages from sense receptors towards the CNS) Motor neurons (carry messages from CNS toward muscles and glands) Interneurons (carry messages between nerve cells) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Structure of a Neuron Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Neural Impulse Resting potential Action potential All-or-none principal Synapse Terminal buttons Synaptic transmission Neurotransmitters Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters – Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse. Delete clip art of synapse? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Seven Important Neurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Acetylcholine GABA Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease Neurotransmitters Normal Function: Used in brain circuits that produces sensations of pleasure and reward; used by CNS neurons in voluntary movement Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Alcohol Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder Neurotransmitters Normal Function: Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Hallucinogenics (e.g. LSD) Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

High blood pressure, depression Neurotransmitters Normal Function: Controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: High blood pressure, depression Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: Tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease Neurotransmitters Normal Function: Primary transmitter used by efferent neurons carrying messages from CNS; Involved in some kinds of learning and memory Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: Nicotine, Botulism toxin, Curare, Atropine, Barbiturates Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS Neurotransmitters Normal Function: Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: Anxiety, Epilepsy Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: “Minor” tranquilizers (e.g. Valium, Librium), Alcohol Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Excess causes brain damage after stroke Neurotransmitters Normal Function: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; Involved in learning and memory Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: Excess causes brain damage after stroke Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: PCP (“angel dust”) Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Pleasurable sensations and control of pain Neurotransmitters Dopamine Normal Function: Pleasurable sensations and control of pain Serotonin Norepinephrine Problems with Imbalance: Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction Acetylcholine GABA Substances that Affect: Opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone Glutamine Endorphins Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Plasticity Plasticity – Ability of the nervous system to adapt or change as the result of experience; sometimes helps the nervous system adapt to physical damage Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Glial Cells Glial cells Provide structural support for neurons Help in forming new synapses Form myelin sheath Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Organization of the Nervous System Figure 2.4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Contralateral Connections Insert Figure 2.5 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Insert figure 2.6 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Endocrine System (the body’s chemical messenger system) Insert figure 2.7 here to replace this older figure from 6th edition Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Endocrine System Pituitary gland – master gland that regulates the endocrine glands. Regulates many basic functions of the body Controlled by the hypothalamus Delete clip art? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Serotonin Pathways in the Brain Insert figure 2.8 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes? The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior Key Question 2.3: How does the brain produce behavior and mental processes? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Windows on the Brain EEG (electroencephalograph) – Device for recording brain waves, typically by electrodes placed on the scalp Brain waves – Patterns of electrical activity generated by the brain Delete clip art? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Windows on the Brain Computerized brain scans – CT scanning (computerized tomography) PET scanning (positron emission tomography) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) Delete clip art, picture? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Windows on the Mind Insert Figure 2.9 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Three Layers of the Brain Brain stem and cerebellum Drive vital functions, such as heart rate, breathing, digestion Limbic system Adds emotions, complex motives, increased memory abilities Cerebrum Enables reasoning, planning, creating, problem solving Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 2.10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Limbic System Replace slides 40 to 42 with Figure 2.11 in chapter. Hippocampus – Involved in establishing long-term memories Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Limbic System Amygdala – Involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Limbic System Hypothalamus – Serves as the brain’s blood-testing laboratory, constantly monitors blood to determine the condition of the body Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Cerebrum – Topmost layer of the brain; the bulbous cap over the limbic system Cerebral cortex – Thin gray-matter covering of the cerebrum; carries on thinking and perceiving Cerebral hemispheres – The two walnut shaped halves of the cerebrum, connected by the corpus callosum Delete clip art? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Delete figure and insert Figure 2.12 from 7th edition. 44 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

The Motor Cortex and the Somatosensory Cortex Insert Figure 2.13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Recently Discovered Mirror Neurons Class of neurons that fire in response to observation of another person’s actions or emotions Neurons fire as if we had performed the same act ourselves Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Cerebral Dominance Cerebral dominance Tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions Language and Communication The left hemisphere usually dominates Spatial orientation Process of locating one’s body or other objects in space Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Complimentary Processing Styles Two hemispheres do not compete Each contribute to the same task Left hemisphere: Analytic, sequential Right hemisphere: Holistic, emotional, spatial Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Split Brain Split-brain patients – Individuals who have had the corpus callosum surgically severed Duality of consciousness – Condition in which a split-brain patient has a separate consciousness in each hemisphere Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Testing a Split-Brain Patient 50 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Contralateral Effects of Damage to the Cerebral Hemispheres Insert Figure 2.17 here Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved