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Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.101 Figure 1 Interstitial plaque and corresponding attachment site on a calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone Figure 1 | Interstitial plaque and corresponding attachment site on a calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone. a | Digital endoscopic image of a 3 mm CaOx stone attached to a papillum before stone removal by percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Several sites of interstitial plaque (black arrows) are visible as well as blood vessels (white arrows) that were used for image orientation. b | Following stone removal the papillum was reimaged — an overlay showing the sites of interstitial plaque and blood vessels after stone removal has been placed over the original endoscopic image. c | 'Ghosted' CT image of the detached stone showing a site of calcium phosphate (arrowheads) on the papillary surface of the stone. The insert shows a light microscopic image of the papillary surface of the detached stone with the site of calcium phosphate (arrow). d | The site of calcium phosphate on the papillary surface of the stone (arrowheads) aligns with a region of interstitial plaque with a central blood spot (arrow) on the papillum, which is presumably the site of stone attachment. The insert shows the urinary surface of the detached stone. The arrow denotes a secondary deposit of calcium phosphate on the urinary surface of the stone growing over the calcium oxalate. Coe, F. L. et al. (2016) Idiopathic hypercalciuria and formation of calcium renal stones Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.101