Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication 第六章 非言语跨文化交际

There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. —Shakespeare

Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Chapter Outline Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Significance Definition & Functions Categories Other Categories Oculesics Repeating Paralanguage Olfactics Complementing Silence Haptics Kinesics Regulating Proxemics Chromatics Contradicting Chronemics Attire

Text A Significance of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the sub-consciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.

Text B Definition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.

The Functions of Nonverbal Communication a. Repeating b. Complementing c. Substituting d. Regulating e. Contradicting

a. Repeating

b. Complementing

c. Substituting

d. Regulating

e. Contradicting

Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Chapter Outline Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Significance Definition & Functions Categories Other Categories Oculesics Repeating Paralanguage Olfactics Complementing Silence Haptics Kinesics Regulating Proxemics Chromatics Contradicting Chronemics Attire

Text C Paralanguage (副语言) and Silence paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.

paralanguage Vocal qualities Stress Intonation Intensity Tone Pitch height

Activity John, you love Mary. John, you love Mary?

Silence Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, etc.  Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture.

Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Chapter Outline Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Significance Definition & Functions Categories Other Categories Oculesics Repeating Paralanguage Olfactics Complementing Silence Haptics Kinesics Regulating Proxemics Chromatics Contradicting Chronemics Attire

Text D Time and Space Chronemics Proxemics

Chronemics (时间行为) Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. 1. Monochronic time （单维度时间取向） 2. Polychronic time（多维度时间取向） 19

The sense of time a. Monochronic time: Time is linear b. Polychronic time: Time is cyclical

time-conscious punctual Time is a valuable and limited resource, to be saved, scheduled, and spent with precision. Monochronic Cultures Germany Canada Switzerland Austria the US have a less formal perception of time more focused on relationships, rather than watching the clock have no problem being “late” for an event if they are with family or friends Polychronic cultures Arabs Chinese Indians Latin Americans Mediterraneans

Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Fixed features of space Semifixed features of space Personal space 22

Personal space Personal space refers to an individual’s unconsciously structuring the micro-space immediately surrounding the physical body Personal space is not only culturally determined, but results from varying relationships.

美国人及多数北欧人的交际距离原则 非接触文化（non-contact or non-touching cultures） 携带着隐私空间，空间的大小标志着隐私的程度和关系之亲疏

阿拉伯人、拉丁美洲人和意大利人的交际距离原则 接触文化（touch or contact cultures） 拉丁美洲---触摸是一种“谈话”的方式 妇女见面要相互触摸、亲吻和热烈拥抱，男子也是如此。 阿拉伯人---见面时，他们常常相互拥抱，而且相互触碰彼此的鼻子。谈话时，他们握着对方的手，盯着他的眼睛，把他沐浴在自己的呼吸气息之中。

Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Chapter Outline Nonverbal Intercultural Communication Significance Definition & Functions Categories Other Categories Oculesics Repeating Paralanguage Olfactics Complementing Silence Haptics Kinesics Regulating Proxemics Chromatics Contradicting Chronemics Attire

Oculesics（目光语） eyes is oculesics. The study of communications sent by the eyes is oculesics. Anxiety Submission Confidence Credibility …… 27

Olfactics (嗅觉) called Olfactics. The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics. 28

A person’s smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message. In Arab, a person’s smell is regarded as an extension of the person. Americans learn not to breathe in people’s faces and to avoid being breathed on.

Haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. 30

Haptics across cultures Touching in American interaction pattern

It is very common for heterosexual men in the Indian subcontinent and most parts of the Arab world to hug each other, sit with arms over the shoulder or walk while holding hands.

In Thailand and Laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of the spirit or soul.

Kinesics (身势语) Kinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.

1.Gestures 手势 Gestures are movements that you make with your hand, your head or your face to show a particular meaning.

2. Posture 姿势 Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages.

Body movement can be used to detect the beginning and end of conversation.

3. Facial expression面部表情 Facial expression worth thousand words.

Chromatics （色彩学） Chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood, emotions, and impression of others. 39

Colors influence our perception and behaviors.

People from different cultures and social realities may have different preferences to some colors.

Red: happiness / angry Chinese cruel richness violence good luck Western blood cruel violence celebration richness good luck

Attire (服饰) Clothing and physical appearance are usually called attire. Formality Informality Social status occupation

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