Figure 2 Approaches to improve CAR-T-cell therapy

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Figure 2 Approaches to improve CAR-T-cell therapy Figure 2 | Approaches to improve CAR-T-cell therapy. An overview of the improvements to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy is shown, and clinical trials testing those strategies are indicated in the legend. a | Engineered CAR T cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (armoured CAR T cells; NCT02498912)137. b | Dual receptor expression to target tumour cells and convert tumour-derived cytokines into T-cell activators (NCT01818323)164. c | Using natural killer (NK)-cell-based recognition domains, such as NKG2-D, in CARs (NCT02203825)148. d | Combination therapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting immune-checkpoint inhibitory receptors to relieve immunosuppression (NCT00586391)154. e | Infusion of two populations of CAR T cells to eradicate B cells and enable increased persistence of tumour-specific CAR T cells by preventing antibody responses against their foreign antigen components (NCT02465983)156. f | Targeting the tumour vasculature with CAR T cells, such as VEGFR-2-specific CAR T cells NCT01218867160. 4αβ, 4αβ chimeric cytokine receptor; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associate antigen-4; T1E28z, T1E28z chimeric antigen receptor; VEGFR-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Jackson, H. J. et al. (2016) Driving CAR T‑cells forward Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.36