Settlement and Population: Slow Growth and Rapid Migration Population Density in the Core and Periphery 523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion) Highest densities in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, western Germany) Natural Growth: Beyond the Demographic Transition Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than death rates; immigration prevents population loss) In last stage of Demographic Transition (or beyond) Causes: women in workforce; widespread contraception; shortage of affordable housing Some countries offer incentives to increase national growth Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Europe’s Population Implosion Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below ZPG Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies – so fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1 (replacement rate) Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Europe’s Population (Fig. 8.13) Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Slow Growth and Rapid Migration (cont.) Migration to and Within Europe Growing resistance to unlimited migration Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first Concerns about international terrorism Concern about dilution of national culture Immigration may be only way to solve labor shortage Workers needed to keep up tax revenues, support retirees EU working to establish common immigration policy Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries, usually doing low-wage work Called Gastarbeiter in Germany (mostly Turks); other European countries have migrants from their former colonies Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff EU facilitates movement of workers to developed Areas – problem in economic downturn Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff