Globalization in Higher Education Motohisa Kaneko (University of Tsukuba) International Symposium New Directions in Higher Education for the Development of Global Human Resources Launching AIMS Program in Japan – Organized by University of Tsukuba and SEAMEO-RIHED 21 February 2014 Tsukuba

１．International Flow of Students Outline 　　　１．International Flow of Students ２.　Why International Exchange is Important 　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

Student flow in the world (in millions) Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2013

Mechanism of expansion Three factors Expansion of Student Mobility Demand Students Supply Higher Education Institutions Platforms of Student Exchange

Supply Governmental policies to attract foreign students Mutual understanding, International aid Attraction of talents Economic interests Institutional motivation Academic altruism Spirit of university Economic interest Tuition fees UK and Australia Enrichment of educational program

Economic incentive to HE institutions Former British Common Wealth U.K. in 2008 Tuition revenue from foreign students accounts for 9 percent About half of the tuition revenue from domestic or EU students Australia Tuition revenue accounts for 17 percent Third in export Australia: Income of HE institutions by source (%) Source: Australian Government, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2009 Higher Education Finance Report. Table 1

Demand Three types of incentive 1. Catch-up 2. Economic incentive To absorb advanced knowledge Limited supply of domestic HE institutions 2. Economic incentive Foreign degrees lead to better employment Employment opportunity in host country 3. Enrichment of experience Cultural/social exposure Short exchange program

3. Educational Enrichment Shift in the demand Demand for studying abroad 3. Educational Enrichment 1. Catch-up 2. Economic Incentive Economic Development

Why the demands expanded Middle income countries Economic development Increases in household income Financial capacity to send children overseas Increases in type 1 and type 2 demands High income countries Rising interests in international exposure

Study abroad from the U.S. ２．４ fold increase in 10 years 出所：　US Dept. of Education. Digest of Education Statistics 2009. Table 225.

Japan in the global student mobility Outbound driven Germany, France EU framework Inbound driven U.S., U.K., Australia English speaking Japan Low both in inbound and outbound Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2012, Table C4.5

Stagnating mobility Inbound students Outbound Increased through 2000s 63% are from China Excess demands in China Likely to diminish Outbound Started to decline since early 2000s Those to the US has become one-half Increase in other destinations Source: JASSO and School Basic Survey, various years

１．International Flow of Students Outline 　　　１．International Flow of Students ２.　Why International Exchange is Important 　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

Why international exchange is important to Japan Trap that Japan has fallen in Catch-up demand - diminishing Economic incentive – small and stagnating Educational enrichment – still small Issue Promoting educational enrichment Why educational enrichment is vital Globalization Institutional revitalization of universities and colleges Universalization of higher education Changing experiences and motivation of the students

Universalization of higher education Participation Rates All types of higher ducation 72 % 4-year universities and colleges 50 % Universalization Massification

Changing students Declining maturity Ambiguity in aspiration Lack of social experiences CRUMP 2007 National Student Survey,

College grads seen by personnel officers Personal is regarded to be most lacking Maturity Interpersonal skill Logical thinking Reading/writing Sufficient ← 　　→ Insufficient CRUMP Survey on personnel officers 2009. N = 8,157　　 http://ump.p.u-tokyo.ac.jp/crump/

Effects of studying abroad Percent changes in dependent variables by experience of studying abroad. Beta coefficient from regression analysis. Indicated values are significant at 99 percent level Humanities Engineering Health-related Hours spent for studying .119 .048 .038 Partici-pation ●Participated in group work/ .107 .077 .05 Compe-tence ●Knowledge in Specialty .078 .043 ●Problems solving .071 .059 .037 Percep-tion ●Unclear about future career -　.025 ●Satisfied with university life -　.028 -　.034 Source: Calculated from CRUMP Student Survey N= ３８，３３６

Time spent for self-directed learning by experience of studying abroad Students’ evaluation of experiences of studying abroad (%) Source: CRUMP Student Survey N=45,399

Why studying abroad is important Problems of HE Erosion of classical identity formation Prolonged protected childhood Cultural/value universalization Diffused identity Decline of traditional career paths Difficulty in establishing career prospects Studying abroad Exposure to different culture/society Crisis and forced adjustment Experience of diversity and change Need to seek own identity Ability/willingness To accept changing working environment To work people from different backgrounds

１．International Flow of Students Outline 　　　１．International Flow of Students ２.　Why International Exchange is Important 　　３．The Role of Regional Cooperation

Breaking the trap Recent moves in HE reform Government policies Incentives to renovate educational practices Financial incentives to promote internationalizaiton Institutional level Changes in educational practices Still in the process Expansion of outbound students Accommodation of inbound students Formation of multiple platforms Regional framework

Mechanism of expansion Three factors Expansion of Student Mobility Demand Students Supply Higher Education Institutions Platforms of Student Exchange

Patterns of mobility Hub Regional otehrs Hub Regional Regional US, UK, Australia Regional EU - ERASMUS Regional East, South-East Asia

Distribution by pattern N. Of Students （％） Hub U.S. 624,474 18.7 U.K., Australia, Canada, New Zealand 717,029 21.4 Regional EU 359,671 10.8 East Asia 216,359 6.5 Others 1,425,558 42.6 Total 3,343,092 100.0 About 40 percnet Small relative to population Source: tabulated from OECD Education Outloook 2007

The roles of regional frameworks Europe ERASMUS project Setting the target , Government policies, subsidies Bologna Process Standardization of diploma Expansion of mobility Lesson The need of government initiative Institutional response is critical Changes in motivation and perspectives of the students Regional framework in East and South-East Asia Still immature Large potential

Conclusion and prospects Changing concept of “studying abroad” a part of educational program to enhance student engagement through international experiences Combined expansion of inbound and outbound mobility Institutional reforms Design of joint exchange programs Pedagogy and curriculum Reforms in organizational structure Strategic roles of regional framework Facilitates regular mobility Reduces risks Promote reforms in participating institutions

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