Section 14-1 and 14-2 “Habitats and Communities”

Section 14.1 KEY CONCEPT: Every organism has a habitat and a niche.

A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. Includes: biotic factors abiotic factors

Includes: food abiotic conditions behavior A niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. Includes: food abiotic conditions behavior

“What are 5 things in a habitat that I need to survive?”

The needs of an organism are 1 AIR 2 WATER 3 FOOD 4 SHELTER 5 SPACE

“I need air, water, food, shelter and space to survive!

Fill in with your words to describe each All living and nonliving factors in the area where an organism lives All physical, chemical, and biological factors that a species needs to survive

How would competition be defined in the field of ecology? What is competition? How would competition be defined in the field of ecology?

Resource availability gives structure to a community. Species can share habitats and resources. Competition occurs when two species use resources in the same way. Competitive exclusion keeps two species from occupying the same niche.

Intraference competition Occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat

Even plants compete for space, water and sunlight

The niche will be divided. The two species will further diverge. Possible Outcomes of Competitive Exclusion: One species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct. The niche will be divided. The two species will further diverge.

When two species are competing for the same resources - one species will be better adpated to the niche - the other will be pushed into another niche or go extinct

The niche will be divided. The two species will further diverge

Ecological equivalents are species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions. Madagascar South America

Live in similar niches but in different geographic locations and for that reason do not compete for the same resources.

1. How is a habitat different from a niche? Check Your Learning 1. How is a habitat different from a niche?   2. What are the possible outcomes of competitive exclusion?    3. How can ecological equivalents occur?

1. How is a habitat different from a niche? Check Your Learning   1. How is a habitat different from a niche? 1. a niche is a part of a habitat; a habitat is all of the living and nonliving factors in the area where an organism lives, while a niche includes all the specific physical, chemical, and biological factors needed by an organism to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce

2. What are the possible outcomes of competitive exclusion? Check Your Learning    2. What are the possible outcomes of competitive exclusion? 2. one species will go extinct; the resources of the niche will be divided and the two species will coexist; an evolutionary response will result in selection of different traits that are successful in different parts of the niche

3. How can ecological equivalents occur? Check Your Learning 3. How can ecological equivalents occur? 3. while the two species occupy similar niches, they live in different geographical regions

Section 14.2 KEY CONCEPT : Organisms interact as individuals and as populations.

Competition occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resource. Competition can be: within the same species (Intraspecific) or between different species (Interspecific)

Two organisms fight for the same limited resources

Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another.

Close relationship between two or more different species One organism captures and eating another organism

1. Mutualism: both organisms benefit There are three major types of symbiotic relationships: 1. Mutualism: both organisms benefit

2. Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is not harmed Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. + Organism benefits Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Ø Organism is not affected

3. Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed + Braconid wasp Braconid larvae feed on their host and release themselves shortly before reaching the pupae stage of development _ Organism is harmed Hornworm caterpillar The host hornworm will eventually die as its organs are consumed by wasp larvae.

Parasites meet their needs as ectoparasites (such as leeches) and endoparasites (such as hookworms)

- + Close relationship between two or more different species + + + One benefits other not affected One benefits other harmed Both benefit - + + + +