Carr / Hibbitts EDUC 960 - March 2005 - Dr. M. Schmidt External Forces, Educational Change & School Reform Bailey / Darling-Hammond Carr / Hibbitts EDUC 960 - March 2005 - Dr. M. Schmidt 2/22/2019

Agenda article summaries film excerpt - links to articles discussion recap of main ideas simulation 2/22/2019

External Forces Industrial Revolution: Taylor, Scientific Approach Post World Wars Sputnik: Technology Global competitiveness Post-Enron: Accountability 2/22/2019

Educational Reform: BC History 1930s: Progressivism (Dewey, Putnam-Weir) focus on social, child-centred instruction 1960s: Standardization (Chant Report) focus on intellectual development 1990s: Year 2000 Program (Sullivan Report) focus on custodial, social, democratic Late 1990s - now: School Improvement Plans focus on instrumentalism and accountability 2/22/2019

For the past 50 years, the focus of educational policies and practices has shifted from universal public education to universal proficiency. 2/22/2019

Against the backdrop of external forces and educational change, what is now the mission of schools? 2/22/2019

The role of schools according to BC Charter for Public Education, 2004: -to prepare citizens to take part in democractic society -to create a schooling process that is in the best interest of every student - to increase the engagement and intellectual achievement of all student The role of schools according to Drucker, 1986: -to produce employees who can manage complexity, frame problems, design, construct Conference Board of Canada: -to produce employees who possess skills in critical thinking, communications, ethics Harris, 1999: -to produce competitive workers who can succeed in ever-changing markets 2/22/2019

School Reform Top down approach (Bailey) Bottom up approach (Darling-Hammond) What are the effects of each approach? 2/22/2019

School Reform - Top-down Teachers’ perspectives missing - ‘teacher proof’ Research often reflects keen early implementers Resistance - marginalisation - non-collaboration (lasting negative effects greater than benefits of innovation) 2/22/2019

“Double-edge” of change Bascia, Hargreaves, Sharp Edge of Educational Change Technical approach - pedagogy based on science or unexamined “common sense” -- does nothing to develop strong professional learning culture among teachers; neglects the complexities of schooling Content-driven and standards-based structures serve content rather than children Government-driven reform: “power over” teachers rather than building “power with” them 2/22/2019

School Reform - Bottom up Changed mission of schools requires: responsible, responsive teachers who can create bridges between different experiences of learners and can diversify practice; improved teacher education and professional practice; transformation of knowledge of teachers, administrators, parents. 2/22/2019

However, there is a significant issue with current efforts to reform schools. Bottom up transformation is on a collision course with accountability. We must find a way to reconcile the two. Darling-Hammond: “The outcome of school reform should be the development of learning communities.” 2/22/2019

Transformation & accountability Can the two reform goals be reconciled? 2/22/2019

Two ways of looking at reform A simulation Brought to you by: Members of the EdD 2004 cohort (Guest appearance by Dr. Michèle Schmidt) 2/22/2019

Reform: Increased transparency in reporting Hierarchy High Director of Instruction Principal Teacher (25 yrs exp) Teacher (1 yr exp.) CUPE member Parent Student Shangri-la Secondary Director of Instruction Principal Teacher (25 yrs exp) Teacher (1 yr exp.) CUPE member Parent Student 2/22/2019

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John Ralston Saul http://www. workingtv. com/main3 John Ralston Saul http://www.workingtv.com/main3.html The purpose of public education is to give every child in the province such knowledge as would fit him (her) to become a useful and intelligent citizen. (1872 School Act) Louis Lafontaine (1840): Education is the first public good that a government can confer upon a people. The diffusion of intelligence preserves the peace and promotes the well being of society. 2/22/2019