Science Process and Product

Common Sense MINIMAL KNOWLEDGE FOR EVERY DAY PROBLEM PUSH TOO FAR NOT "TRUTH"

Limitations to Common Sense EXPERIENCE LIMITED – not so “common” INTERPRETATIONS BIASED MIND "PLAYS TRICKS" SELECTIVE PERCEPTION CONVENIENCE SEEK ACCEPTANCE DESIRE CERTAINTY

Approaches to Knowledge AUTHORITARIAN MYSTICAL RATIONALISTIC SCIENTIFIC

Distinguishing Features PRODUCER (WHO SAYS SO?) PROCEDURE (HOW DO YOU KNOW?) EFFECT (WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?)

Authoritarian Mode THOSE SOCIALLY OR POLITICALLY DEFINED AS QUALIFIED PRODUCERS ORACLES IN TRIBAL SOCIETIES ARCHBISHOPS IN THEOCRATIC SOCIETIES KINGS IN MONARCHICAL SOCIETIES SCIENTISTS IN TECHNOCRATIC SOCIETIES THE AUTHORITY (POSITION) IS THE BASIS FOR KNOWING THAT WHAT IS SAID IS "TRUE“ CAN RESULT TO REPLACEMENT OF AUTHORITY ‑ LARGE # OF REFUTATIONS

Mystical Mode KNOWLEDGE SOLICITED FROM PROPHETS, DIVINES, GODS, MEDIUMS DEPENDENT UPON MANIFESTATIONS OF SUPERNATURAL SIGNS AND ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE CONSUMER - e.g. HELPLESSNESS, DEPRESSION, INTOXICATION e.g. ASTROLOGY, ANIMISTIC RELIGIONS NOTE: CONFIDENCE DECREASES WITH THE NUMBER OF DISCONFIRMATIONS AND THE INCREASE IN LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Rationalistic Mode TOTALITY OF KNOWLEDGE CAN BE ACQUIRED BY STRICT ADHERENCE TOTHE FORMS AND THE RULES OF LOGIC CONCERN WITH WHAT MUST BE TRUE IN PRINCIPLE AND WITH WHAT IS LOGICALLY POSSIBLE AND PERMISSIBLE A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE EXISTS AND IT IS INDEPENDENT OF THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE PURE MATHEMATICS AND FORMAL LOGIC NO NEED TO SUBMIT THE ARGUMENTS TO EMPIRICAL TEST

Science - defined OBJECTIVE LOGICAL SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS of PHENOMENA DEVISED for the ACCUMULATION of RELIABLE KNOWLEDGE

Knowledge or Belief Knowledge Belief Proposition accepted as “true” based on empirical verification Belief Proposition accepted as “true” regardless of the basis

Science Cycle

Science Cycle - Dimensions

A Puzzle GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DISTRIBUTIONS, HOW LIKELY IS IT THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX AND LEVEL OF CLASS FORMALIZATION? SEX: MALES: n = 64 FEMALES: n =95 LEVEL OF CLASS FORMALIZATION FORMAL: n = 78 INFORMAL: n = 81