2 Basic Chemistry

I. Introduction A. Matter and Energy TYPES a. Chemical b. Electrical c. Mechanical d. Radiant

B. Composition of Matter *Elements: define 96 percent of the body = four elements *C Letter stands for: *O letter stand for: *H letter stand for: *N letter stand for: 2. Atoms: Composed of Subatomic Particles 3. Subatomic Particles a. *Nucleus Location & contents? Protons Charge: Location: e- e- Proton Neutron e- Proton Neutron Helium Atom

3. Subatomic Particles … a. Nucleus … Neutrons Charge: Location: b. Electrons: Size: c. *Atomic Number = d. Atomic mass number: e. Examples Helium atom e- e- Proton Neutron

5. Ions 4. Isotopes *Atoms vary in what? Isotopes have the same number of? Radioisotopes: Stability: Examples: Uranium, Iodine, … 5. Ions Vary in the number of? __________________

Positive & Negative Ions: Properties as compared to atoms: Table Salt

Ions Examples… Cl ¯1 ion or Cl ¯ ion A Chlorine Atom gains an electron from another atom Cl ¯1 ion or Cl ¯ ion

C. Making Larger Chemicals out of the Atoms or Elements 1 C. Making Larger Chemicals out of the Atoms or Elements 1. Chemical Formulas 2. Molecules and Compounds *Molecule—two or more atoms do what? Examples: H2O O2 NaCl b. Compound:

3. Chemical Bonds Bonding involves the interactions between electrons in outer part of the two atoms that are bonded *One CHEMICAL BOND = how many electrons? a. Ionic Bonds (Electrovalent Bonds) Bond Formed When: Example: SALT Na atom Cl atom Na+ Cl ¯

b. Covalent Bonds i) *Bonds occurs when: ii) *Types: of Covalent Bonds? (1) Non Polar:

(2) Polar Covalent Bonds: Non-equal sharing results in One atom of the bond becomes? The other atom of the bond becomes? Polarity is this separation of partial charges Polar Molecules: have charged ends Polar Molecules are attracted to each other. HOW? -1/2 Oxygen +1/2 +1/2 2 Hydrogens -1/2 Figure 2.8 +1/2 +1/2

(2) Polar covalent Bonds … Attraction Between Polar Molecules … WATER: is very polar and has a strong ability to attract other polar molecules or ions to itself. Results: -- Water is Reactive -- Can dissolve things  Solvent of living organisms -- creates surface tension -- Figure 2.9

Example: H2O + CO2 ---> H2CO3 H + H + O + C + O + O ---> H2CO3 D. Chemical Reactions 1. Chemical Reactions: a. *Reactants define b. *Products define c. Process of making Products Bonds broken in ______________ Atoms rearranged New bonds in _______________ Reactants ---> Products Example: H2O + CO2 ---> H2CO3 Water + Carbon Dioxide ----> Carbonic Acid H + H + O + C + O + O ---> H2CO3

SOLUTION = a mixture of chemicals in a liquid - AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS = Chemical Reactions … d. Chemical Reactions can only take place in SOLUTIONS SOLUTION = a mixture of chemicals in a liquid - AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS = i) *Solvent: define ii) Solute: iii) The Concentration of a Solution: can use percentages % Solvent + % Solutes = 100% e. Reactants must come into physical contact

2. Types of Chemical Reactions a. *Synthesis reaction = Example: Synthesis of Proteins *Decomposition Reactions = Example: Glycogen is broken down into ______

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life c. Exchange reaction: Parts moved around Example: Biochemistry: Essentials for Life TWO MAJOR TYPES of Chemicals found in living organisms Organic (which includes Biochemicals) Inorganic

A. Inorganic compounds No “C” framework simpler *Water why is it important to life? 2. Salts: Contain a metal ion and one other ion Importance: some conduct electrical currents and some are required nutrients Examples: Sodium Chloride = table salt

a) *Acids Release what?_________ (H+) Inorganic Compounds … 3. Acids & Bases a) *Acids Release what?_________ (H+) b) Bases Release hydroxyl ions (OH–) and are ______________ acceptors c) *Neutralization reaction: does what? Acids + bases - water + salt d) Ph & Ph Scale: Neutral = Acidic = Basic = Buffers—regulate pH change

B. ORGANIC CHEMICALS = framework of what element? __________ Types Fossil Fuels Biochemicals– 4 Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids Large Often made of repeating subunits 1. Carbohydrates a) *Elements: Contain what elements? Ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen: 1C to 2H to 1O b) *General Function:

c) Classification; saccharides = sugar *Monosaccharides: Basic Subunit 1. Carbohydrates … c) Classification; saccharides = sugar *Monosaccharides: Basic Subunit *Disaccharides: Polysaccharides: d) Glycoproteins 2. Lipids a) *Elements: Contain what elements? Ratio of H to C: b) *Solubility in water: Do they dissolve in whater? c) Types: Neutral Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids Glycoproteins

a. Fats (Neutral Fats, Triglycerides) Location in human body: 2. Lipids … c) Types … a. Fats (Neutral Fats, Triglycerides) Location in human body: Function in humans: *Composed of: i) Saturated Fats: ii) Unsaturated Fats: Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids  Triglycerides

Un-Saturated Fat Missing Hydrogens iii) TRANS FATS: Hydrogens artificially taken out. Called Hydrogenated or Partially Hydrogenated Oils Figure 2.16b

Important Characteristic: c) Types … b. Phospholipids *Composition: Function: Important Characteristic: c. Steroids *Made from? Have 6-sided rings Examples & Functions Cholesterol: Sex Hormones: Vitamin D: Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids Phosphate Cell Membrane

3. Proteins & Glycoproteins a. *Elements: b. *Subunit: What is the repeating portion? Structure R group: c) Level of Complexity in Structure, Leads to Function i) *Primary: Occurs just after protein is produced ii) Secondary: - Occurs as long strands and thin membranes to build structures Subunit Different Kinds of Amino Acids Amino acids Primary structure. Sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure. Initial Folding into 2-D structure Alpha- helix -pleated sheet

iii) *Tertiary Structure: Proteins folds up into ? Specific Shapes determines function: Carrier Proteins: Transport Proteins: Hormones: Chemical Messengers Enzymes: Hemoglobin Chemical Reaction iv) Quaternary Structure: Two or more polypetides held together as a unit Specific Shape determines function– same as Tertiary Hemoglobin Figure 2.18c-d

Function has to do with Active Site = d) Enzymes Function has to do with Active Site = Catalyze chemical reactions Different enzyme for each reactions Are always Proteins Product is released. Enzyme returns to original shape, ready to catalyze another reaction. Substrates bind to active site. Enzyme changes shape to hold substrates in proper position. Structural changes occur, resulting in the product. Substrate = Reactants Product Enzyme

b) Subunits: Built from nucleotides Organic Compounds … 4. Nucleic Acids a) *Types: b) Subunits: Built from nucleotides i) Phosphate group ii) Pentose (5 carbon) Sugar iii) Nitrogenous Base– 5 specific kinds A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil. sugar base phosphate

c) DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid i) *Location in Cell: ii) Structure: iii) Chemical Composition *Type sugar: iv) *Bases it has: (of the 5) v) Function: Specific: Codes for all the body’s proteins General: Proteins create all the characteristics of your body Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Bases

d) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) i) Structure: ii) Chemical Composition: Released mRNA d) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) i) Structure: ii) Chemical Composition: *Sugar *Bases iii) Types & Functions e) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Modified Nucleotide of adenine with three phosphate groups Function:

Nucleic Acid Derivatives Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Modified Nucleotide of adenine with three phosphate groups Function: __________________________ Examples Release of Energy when the last phosphate is removed

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