BIOLOGY EOC REPORTING CATEGORY : 5

Reporting Category 5 Ecology

Ecological Succession Climax community Pioneer species Succession is the gradual changes that take place in the type of species that live in an area during a long period of time.

TWO KINDS OF SUCCESSIONS: SECONDARY SUCCESSION PRIMARY SUCCESSION

Symbiotic Relationships MUTUALISM PARASITISM COMMENSALISM

OTHER RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURE Predation involves an organism known as a predator that hunts and eats another organism known as its prey Competition occurs when two or more individuals compete for the same resource, such as shelter or food Pathogen and Host Pathogen is any organism that causes a disease in an other organism

Food Webs Food chains show the direction in which the energy flows in an ecosystem

LEVELS IN A FOOD WEB

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS Organisms, populations and communities must respond to external factors like changes in the environment or other organisms. If an entire species is unable to respond to change, it could face extinction. EXAMPLE: Rabbits leave an area to look for grass.

LEVELS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

BIOMES

ROLE OF BACTERIA BENEFICIAL ROLES HARMFUL ROLES Decompose organic material Spoil food Change nitrogen form one form to another in the nitrogen cycle Produce harmful toxins (poisons) Some are used to make food (yogurt and cheese) and drugs (penicillin antibiotic) Cause of shortage of oxygen in lakes where there are algal blooms (overpopulation of algae) Help absorb nutrients in the human digestive system Cause diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle