Incidence of functional limitation in older adults: The impact of gender, race, and chronic conditions Dorothy D. Dunlop, PhD, Larry M. Manheim, PhD,

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Incidence of functional limitation in older adults: The impact of gender, race, and chronic conditions Dorothy D. Dunlop, PhD, Larry M. Manheim, PhD, Min-Woong Sohn, PhD, Xiangyang Liu, PhD, Rowland W. Chang, MD, MPH Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 83, Issue 7, Pages 964-971 (July 2002) DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2002.32817 Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Impact of chronic conditions on cumulative proportion of elderly who reported functional limitation onset, by age, among those free of ADL limitations at baseline: (A) moderately limited (1–2 ADLs) persons; and (B) severely limited (3+ADLs) persons. Abbreviation: FL, functional limitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 964-971DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.32817) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Impact of chronic conditions on the 2-year risk of developing moderate functional limitations for an average 80-year-old person who reported no ADL limitations. Two-year risk probabilities for moderate functional limitation onset estimated from simplified model that retains significant risk factors from table 2: log[−log(1 − DHMκ+2)] = −12.33 + .12 (baseline age) + .32 (arthritis) + .88 (CVD) + .65 (diabetes) + .52 (incontinence) + .39 (impaired vision). Abbreviation: DHM, discrete hazard model: moderate. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 964-971DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.32817) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Impact of chronic conditions on the 2-year risk of developing severe functional limitations for an average 80-year-old person. Two-year risk probabilities for severe functional limitation onset estimated from simplified model that retains significant risk factors from table 3: log[−log(1 − DHSκ+2)] = −12.87 + .12 (baseline age) + .09 (timeκ from baseline) + 2.22 (moderate limitationκ) + .88 (CVD) + .56 (vision). Abbreviations: modFL, moderate functional limitation; DHS, direct hazard model: severe. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 964-971DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.32817) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions