Hljóðbylgjur eru langsbylgjur

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Presentation transcript:

Hljóðbylgjur eru langsbylgjur

y(x,t) = A cos(kx-ωt) p(x,t) = BkA sin(kx-ωt) pmax = BkA, k = 2π/λ Færsla agna y(x,t) = A cos(kx-ωt) Þrýstingur p(x,t) = BkA sin(kx-ωt) pmax = BkA, k = 2π/λ

Hraði hljóðs B = rýmisfjaðurstuðull (bulk modulus) ρ = þéttleiki efnisins (density of the medium) Almenn regla: v = √(jafnvægissækinn kraftur/tregða)

Hraði hljóðs í kjörgasi: v = √(γRT/M)

Temperature - t  (oC) Speed of Sound - c  (m/s) 1,403 5 1,427 10 1,447 20 1,481 30 1,507 40 1,526 50 1,541 60 1,552 70 1,555 80 90 1,550 100 1,543

Innra eyrað: hljóðhimna - hamar, steðji, ístað – kuðungur, skynjunarhár, taugar

Hljóðbylgja Fourier-greining

Úthljóðsbylgjur (ultrasonic)

Hljóðstyrkur minnkar með fjarlægð

Hljóðstyrkur (færsla) I (þrýstingur) Desíbel-skalinn:

10 min í 120 dB minnkar heyrn tímabundið um 28 dB 10 ár í 120 dB minnkar heyrn varanlega um 28 dB 160 dB rífur hljóðhimnu

Standandi bylgjur

Standandi bylgjur

Opin pípa

Lokuð pípa

Hraði hljóðs í kjörgasi: v = √(γRT/M) Minna M (t.d. Helíum) > meiri hljóðhraði sama λ > hærra f (aukin tíðni hljóðs > Mikki mús)

Fourier-greining Hermun (resonance)

Hviður (beats), tveir hljóðgjafar með líkri tíðni, eyðandi víxl og styrkjandi víxl. fbeat = fa – fb

Mastering Physics 10.7 Beats and Beat Frequency

Myndirnar hér að neðan sýna hviður sem myndast þegar tvær hreintóna bylgjur eru lagðar saman. Hvort parið hefur bylgju með hærri tíðni? Par 1. Par 2. Tíðnimunur var sami fyrir bæði pörin. Það skortir upplýsingar.

Myndirnar hér að neðan sýna hviður sem myndast þegar tvær hreintóna bylgjur eru lagðar saman. Hvort parið hefur bylgju með hærri tíðni? Par 1. Par 2. Tíðnimunur var sami fyrir bæði pörin. Það skortir upplýsingar. Tíðni sveiflunnar í hviðunni er jafn meðaltali tíðna upphafsbylgjanna.

Doppler-hrif

Doppler-hrif

vs /v = Mach tala Hljóðfrá þota (supersonic)

The following figure shows the wavefronts generated by an airplane flying past an observer A at a speed greater than that of sound. After the airplane has passed, the observer reports hearing a sonic boom only when the airplane breaks the sound barrier, then nothing. a succession of sonic booms. a sonic boom, then silence. first nothing, then a sonic boom, then the sound of engines. no sonic boom because the airplane flew faster than sound all along.

The following figure shows the wavefronts generated by an airplane flying past an observer A at a speed greater than that of sound. After the airplane has passed, the observer reports hearing a sonic boom only when the airplane breaks the sound barrier, then nothing. a succession of sonic booms. a sonic boom, then silence. first nothing, then a sonic boom, then the sound of engines. no sonic boom because the airplane flew faster than sound all along.