Alterations of the butyrate-producing potential in disease.

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Alterations of the butyrate-producing potential in disease. Alterations of the butyrate-producing potential in disease. (A and B) Abundances (defined as amounts of bacteria exhibiting respective pathways as percentages of total bacteria) of total pathways (A) as well as acetyl-CoA pathway groups, i.e., “enzyme” (cumulative abundance of all taxa exhibiting distinct terminal enzymes; enzy.) and “family” (cumulative abundance of all taxa of respective taxonomic families), and of individual taxa of all pathways (B) in diseased individuals relative to healthy controls (as percent; red, decrease; blue, increase). Eight data sets encompassing type 2 diabetes (T2D; studies IV, n = 43/53; VIII, n = 185/182; and XII, n = 293/75), obesity (III, n = 123/169; IV, n = 36/7; V, n = 57/7), type 1 diabetes (T1D; XII, n = 293/31), cardiovascular disease (CVD; VII, n = 13/12), liver cirrhosis (IX, n = 114/123), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD—ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn’s disease [CD]; III, n = 14/21/4, respectively), and colorectal cancer (CRC; II, n = 52/52; V, n = 66/91) were analyzed (n = x/y refers to sample sizes of healthy controls/patients, respectively). Values for total pathway abundance differences (A) that are highlighted in white, bold, and italic font represent significant changes to controls (P < 0.05; FDR corrected) from linear regression analysis, whereas simple white fonts show results that tended to be different (P < 0.1; FDR corrected). In panel B, significant differences (*, P < 0.05; +, P < 0.1) based on FDR-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests of acetyl-CoA pathway groups and of individual taxa are indicated (for the IBD data set, the bootstrapped version of the test was used due to small sample sizes). Pathway affiliations of taxa are indicated by the color bars; members of the acetyl-CoA pathway are arranged on the family level. Mf+/− refers to metformin-treated or untreated (+/−) samples (IV, n = 20/33; VIII, n = 15/56; XII, n = 58/17). The symbol Σ represents results of meta-analyses for metformin treatment (ΣMf+/−; IV, VIII, and XII) and obesity (ΣObese; III, IV, and V). Table 1 has the key to Roman numerals referring to individual data sets. Por./other, Porphyromonadaceae/other families; Glut., glutarate; 4-Ami., 4-aminobutyrate. Marius Vital et al. mSystems 2017; doi:10.1128/mSystems.00130-17