Types of Learning Instrumental Communicative Emancipatory Habermas (1984) 1. mastering tasks, solving problems, and learning how to manipulate environments and people toward specific ends 2. critical assessment of assumptions supporting the justification of existing norms in order to think and act in a self-authoring manner. 3. critically understanding context, history, social structures, and power structures which shape epistemological perspectives. Instrumental Emancipatory Communicative D. Glisczinski, 2006