Environment & Resource Management Differing Viewpoints Environment & Resource Management

Differing Viewpoints Perceptions of Nature Traditional Ecological Knowledge Population Control Save It or Pave It?

Perceptions of Nature How do each of the following groups perceive nature and the protection of the environment? corporations government recreationists What evidence of bias is there in the media? political cartoons advertisements newspapers periodicals news reports

Perceptions of Nature “The Real Cost of Gas”

Perceptions of Nature Americans for Fuel Efficient Cars

Also have a listen to “God Bless My S.U.V.”

“ANWR” Alaska National Wildlife Refuge

Alternate "Green Fuel" Non-Renewable, But Won't Require Drilling Perceptions of Nature Energy Compromise Calls for Burning Fossil Fuels, Environmental Activists Alternate "Green Fuel" Non-Renewable, But Won't Require Drilling Washington, D.C. — In a compromise that calls for the left and right to work together, energy company executives today proposed burning both fossil fuels and environmental activists, who officials estimated may be able to provide 2 percent of the country's energy output "for a couple of hours, anyway."

Traditional Ecological Knowledge Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is knowledge of the conservation and sustainable use of an environment gained from generations of living and working within that environment. Knowledge may relate, among other things, to the harvest of resources, the planting of agricultural crops, or the use of natural herbs and other material for medicinal purposes.

Population Control Food production tends to grow arithmetically. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … Populations tend to grow geometrically. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … This will obviously lead to significant problems for the population over time. But how to deal with these problems?

Population Control 16 Population Growth 8 Food Growth Units 4 5 4 3 2 Time

Population Control

Population Control Thomas Malthus developed a theory on how human population keeps itself in balance with the natural environment. People today often use his ideas in conjunction with the demographic transition model.

Population Control Core Principles of Malthus Food is necessary for human existence. Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence, and that The effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal. Since humans tend not to limit their population size voluntarily ("preventive checks" in Malthus's terminology), population reduction tends to be accomplished through the "positive" checks of famine, disease, poverty and war.

Population Control

Population Control An anti-Malthusian school of thought believes that people will adapt to their environment in order to sustain population growth. The use of antibiotics and vaccination to prevent disease or the coming of the Green Revolution which supplied the world with food are examples of how people can adapt to support larger population. Because of examples such as these, the Adaptation Theory has found greater acceptance in modern times.

Population Control Core Principles of the Adaptation Theory Food is necessary for human existence. Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence, and that These two unequal powers may made equal through human efforts. Since humans tend not to limit their population size, we must find ways to grow more food, and prevent disease in order to sustain the population.

Population Control The world’s population increases by 2.5 people per second. By 2050, the world’s population will be 9.1 billion and China & India will account for half of that. At current growth rates, the world’s population in 2150 will be 244 billion… and in 2300 will be 134 trillion.

Population Control

Population Control At least 150 million couples throughout the world want, but do not have, access to reproductive health services. 1.45 billion women are in their childbearing years 210 million of these women become pregnant each year 63% of pregnancies result in live births 22% in abortions 15% in miscarriage 1/3 of the population growth in the world is the result of incidental or unwanted pregnancies.

Population Control 1. China - 1,256,167,701 2. India - 1,017,645,163 3. United States - 274,943,496 4. Indonesia - 219,266,557 5. Brazil - 173,790,810 6. Russia - 145,904,542 7. Pakistan - 141,145,344 8. Bangladesh - 129,146,695 9. Japan - 126,434,470 10. Nigeria - 117,170,948 35. Canada - 31,330,255

Population Control 1. Tokyo, Japan - 28,025,000 2. Mexico City, Mexico - 18,131,000 3. Mumbai, India - 18,042,000 4. Sáo Paulo, Brazil - 17, 711,000 5. New York City, USA - 16,626,000 6. Shanghai, China - 14,173,000 7. Lagos, Nigeria - 13,488,000 8. Los Angeles, USA - 13,129,000 9. Calcutta, India - 12,900,000 10. Buenos Aires, Argentina - 12,431,000 49. Toronto, Canada - 4,657,000

Population Control The size of the country represents its population.

Population Control Contributing Factors? Consequences? Solutions?

Population Control What are the contributing factors to overpopulation? Cost of and accessibility of birth control Cultural barriers (religion; little choice for women; men wanting many children; preference of having boys; religious beliefs) High death rates, so overcompensation with the number of births. Government incentives

Population Control Why so many children? Parents expecting some of their children to die at an early age would have 8 to 10 children, hoping 5 or 6 would survive. Reducing infant and child mortality makes parents more open to the idea of smaller families, eliminating the need for an insurance effect. Many people still want more than enough children to replace themselves.

Population Control What are some consequences of overpopulation? Famine Urbanization Shortage of jobs Poverty Shortage of space Shortage of natural resources Pollution Conflict / war Lack of provision of government services

Population Control During the 20th Century, the US population tripled in size…. while the US’ consumption of resources increased itself by 17 times! United States Population Growth 1950-2050 in millions of people (not percentages!)

Population Control Population Density Comparison by Country United States 75  people per square mile India 750   Japan 800   Bangladesh 2250     Population Density Comparison by City Los Angeles 9000   New York 11,000   Mexico City 40,000   Mumbai 127,000

Population Control What are some solutions to overpopulation? Technology and innovation Sex education Abstinence Rhythm method Birth control Liberalizing abortion Improved education of women Improved access to birth control Laws limiting number of children people can have Natural checks (?!)

Population Control

Population Control In both the developing and the developed world, the number one solution to overpopulation is the education of women: Women not in the labour force have fertility rates more than twice that of women in the labour force High income women have half as many children as low income women A woman with a college degree will have half as many children as a woman who did not graduate from high school

Population Control Reducing the desire to have large families This requires social marketing, such as popular TV soap operas that now air in many countries with educational messages on the virtues of small families. Government can play a key role as well: Government of Mexico is conveying the message that it is less macho to have 10 children with one pair of shoes amongst them than three children each with shoes, clothes and schoolbooks. The Iranian government announced in 1992 they will deny subsidies and other benefits for newborn children if parents already have three children

Population Control In China, a couple who pledges 1 child only will receive more land, free medical and schooling and reduced taxes. Chinese couples who have additional children without permission can be fined, reduced salary, no additional housing, no free medical or schooling for the child. (Compulsory abortions are seldom done. The abortion rate in China is 40% less than the U.S. rate.) It took 60 years for the average American family size to shrink from 6 to 3.5 children, but it took only 23 years to accomplish the same transition in Indonesia and only 8 years in Thailand

Family planning program officially begins Population Control Thailand represents a smooth transition to below-replacement fertility. Children per woman Family planning program officially begins Source: United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau.

Population Control Solutions right here at home… Government support is needed…US Government only spends 68¢ per person on family planning Religious teachings must adapt… today’s 6 billion people create very different circumstances and needs than those in Biblical times Unplanned pregnancies are fairly rampant… but the pill is 97% effective, a condom is 80% effective. SO….

Population Control Family Planning 101 ≠ +

Population & Development Population Growth in Developed Nations Europe - during the 19th century the death rate began to decrease because of improved food supplies, a rising standard of living and medical advances more children survived and fewer women died in childbirth knowledge of birth control was limited therefore: more children

Population & Development Population Growth in Developed Nations Malthus says that people will start to die from lack of food, disease, and wars Wanting to avoid this, Europe changed its ways: technology - machines replaced the need for child workers changing role of women - not just raising children - career goals and social Change was necessary and was pursued

Population & Development Population Growth in Developed Nations Baby Boom Births Baby Echo Generation Y Generation X 1945 1965 1985 2005 2025

Population & Development Population Growth in Developing Nations lower levels of technology means child labour is required lack of proper medical facilities has led to major health problems “Numbers of indigenous peoples killed by imported European diseases are very uncertain, but estimates run into several millions in Africa and throughout the Americas.” lack of education about birth control

Population & Development Population Growth in Developing Nations population control policies in China and India limiting the number of children per family only at zero population growth will a population be stable i.e., when the average number of daughters a woman will have is 1.0 – exactly enough to replace herself

Population & Development Impact of the Developed Nations upon the Developing Nations introduced health care - extended life introduced awareness of birth control - controlling number of births introduced new technology - reducing need for child labour

Population & Development

Population & Development

Population & Development Democratic Transition Model

Population & Development Democratic Transition Model Phase 1 both birth rates and death rates are uncontrolled natural increase gap is small slow population growth Phase 2 control of death rate natural increase gap becomes larger rapid population growth

Population & Development Democratic Transition Model Phase 3 control of birth rate natural increase gap begins to narrow population growth slows Phase 4 both birth rates and death rates are controlled natural increase gap is small slow population growth Phase 5 death rates exceed birth rates natural increase is inverted population declines

Population & Development

Save It or Pave It? Whitehorse Copper Subdivision Case Study In 1997 the City of Whitehorse with support of the Yukon Government began an Area Development Scheme (ADS) for the area known as “Whitehorse Copper”. An ADS is a land use plan that identifies suitable land for various land uses. In the case of the Whitehorse Copper Area Development Scheme it includes a mix of Country Residential, Commercial, Service Industrial, and Heavy industrial.

Save It or Pave It?

Save It or Pave It?

Save It or Pave It? Interest Groups Developers Local Government Territorial Government Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing Ministry of the Environment Local Residents Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations

Save It or Pave It? Debriefing Which of the opposing viewpoints did you find most convincing? Give reasons. Which of the opposing viewpoints did you find the least convincing? Give reasons. Did you agree with the decision of the Arbitration Panel? Why or why not? If you were in the position to make the final decision on this issue, what would you decide? Many issues are solved through the arbitration process. Is this an effective way to solve disputes over environmental issues? Explain your answer.