Week One: Reconstructing the Union, 1865-1877
Lecture Outline Aftermath of War Black Freedom Reconstruction Policies Corruption and the End of Reconstruction The New South
A Devastated South 600,000 dead 25% southern men Southern economy Crops, roads, homes Strengthened Union Ended slavery “Fulfilled Declaration”
Thirteenth Amendment Lincoln reelected 1864 Lincoln did not support social equality 13th Amendment 1865 Abolished slavery Most northerners support black male suffrage
The Meaning of Freedom for Blacks Independence from Whites Establish & Strengthen Institutions Family Church Education Politics Labor Land
The Meaning of Freedom for Southern Whites Very Different than Southern Blacks Regional and Local Control White Supremacy Control Over Blacks Return to Antebellum Society
Labor & the “Soul of the South” Slavery based on racialized labor force Free the people Racial hierarchy overturned? Who does labor? White southern identity = racial domination and labor exploitation
Freedmen’s Bureau Created 1865 Attempted to Aid Former Slaves Federal assistance Hated by Southern Whites Too Much Need
Reconstruction Describes the process of re-unifying the North and South, rebuilding the Southern economy, and integrating blacks into Southern society Terms of Unification? Punishment for Southerners? Congress or President? System of Labor? Equality & Enforcement
Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Ford Theater Washington, D.C.
Reconstruction Plans Andrew Johnson Pardons for elites Easy readmission Renounce secession 13th Amendment Not black equality or voting rights
Persistent Racism Reaction to: Civil Rights Bill of 1866 Blacks Codes Race Riots & KKK Johnson
Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 Sen. Charles Sumner Rep. Thaddeus Stevens Voting Rights Restrictions Constitutions & black rights Five military districts Freedmen’s Bureau Extended Approve 14th Amendment Citizenship & Due Process
Post-War Reunion
Black Reconstruction Political offices & public officials 600 stage legislators 16 in Congress
End of Reconstruction Election of 1876 Samuel Tilden (D) won popular vote Rutherford Hayes (R) lost Tilden lacked electoral votes Votes disputed Democrats allowed Hayes to win if Republicans withdrew from South and returned it to regional control “Compromise of 1877”
Significance Removal of federal troops Southern whites control labor, race relations, local politics Economic integration Failure of federal commitment to black equality Westward expansion eclipsed Southern question