Biochemistry

All organisms consist of inorganic and organic compounds

I. Inorganic Compounds Compounds that lack the elements Carbon and Hydrogen together Ex: water = H20 salt = NaCl carbon dioxide = CO2 Water makes up 90% of the cell

Water Involved with the chemical reactions of the cell.

II. Organic Compounds Contain the elements Carbon and Hydrogen 4 major categories of organic compounds: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids (fats) 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

(I) Carbohydrates Main source of energy for cell activities Made up of three elements: Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen In most carbohydrates there are two Hydrogen for every one Carbon Two examples are sugar (glucose) and starch

3 Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides *aside* mono = 1 di = 2 poly = 3 or more

1. Monosaccharide Simplest carbohydrate (simple sugars) “building blocks” of carbohydrates Ex: Glucose formula: C6H12O6                                  

2. Disaccharides Formed by the combination of two simple sugars (2 monosaccharides) Known as a “double-sugar” Ex: Maltose formula: C12H22O11

3. Polysaccharides—another name for STARCH Long chains of monosaccharides

Dehydration Synthesis Two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule plus water Ex: monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide + water C6H1206 + C6H1206 = C12H22011 + H2O

Review 1. Name the 4 types of organic compounds found in organisms? ___________________, _________________, ___________________, __________________ 2. Carbohydrates are the main form of energy for ________________________. 3. Dehydration synthesis results in _________________ & __________________.

(II) Lipids fatty acid glycerol Source of stored energy in living organisms Lipids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids Examples of lipids are fats and oils fatty acid glycerol

(III) Proteins Contain the elements oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur The building blocks of proteins are known as amino acids Proteins are used to build and repair tissues

Amino acid

Examples of Proteins Antibodies-fight infections Hormones-chemical messengers Hemoglobin-red pigment in red blood cells. Carries oxygen. Enzymes-organic catalysts—change the rate of chemical reactions

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA, RNA Building blocks: nucleotides DNA: double stranded RNA: single strand

Two amino acids combined together form a dipeptide

Summary Compound Building Blocks Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (glucose) Lipids 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acid Nucleotide

Enzymes

(IV) Enzymes Are known as organic catalysts; i.e., they are organic because enzymes are proteins. A catalyst regulates the rate of a reaction. Most enzymes end in ase Ex: Compound Enzyme maltose  maltase lipid  lipase

How an enzyme works

Factors That Influence Enzyme Action 1. Temperature 2. Enzyme and Substrate concentration 3. pH

Temperature As you increase temperature, enzyme action increases as well until an optimum temperature for enzyme action is reached

pH Affects enzyme action Certain enzymes work better in acidic environments while others in basic environments.

Enzyme-Substrate Concentration As the concentration of substrate increases, so does the rate of reaction between the substrate and enzyme, up to a certain point.

Enzyme-Substrate Concentration As the amount of enzyme increases, so does the rate of reaction, up to a certain point.

How will the pH affect the rate at which rennin (a type of enzyme) acts on milk?