A Cyborg Manifesto = a new political myth (based on socialist-feminism) =a new epistemology confronting race, gender, class =a revolutionary standpoint in response to an emerging system of world order, movement from an organic, industrial society to a polymorphous, information system Socialist feminism is a combination of Marxist and radical feminist view, which Haraway critiques (activites of women named by socialist fmeinists as forms of labour only if the activity can somehow be sexualizd; Mc Kinnon only accepts the women’s experience as defined by desire of men -- the dominated is defined by domination) - Haraway thinks this is not sufficient because they are totalizing (they cannot embrace the status of partial explanation

Donna Haraway: ‘Cyborg Manifesto’ What is a ‘cyborg’? What questions did this article raise? What are this reading's great strengths? What are this reading's greatest vulnerabilities? Where could the reading have gone further? Your own questions on the readings.

Bodies + Machines The main tools recrafting our bodies is communications technologies and biotechnologies -- they enforce new social relations

Cyborg, as used for example by Donna Haraway (1991) and Adele Clarke (1998), means the intermingling of people, things (including information technologies), representations, and politics in a way that challenges both the romance of essentialism and the hype about what is technologically possible. It acknowledges the interdependence of people and things, and it shows just how blurry the boundaries between them have become. (Bowker & Star, 1999)

Source: Appignanesi & Garvatt, Postmodernism for Beginners (Icon Books, 1995), 129. 1940s + the expansion of the cybernetic consciousness

Does ideology of technology which promises to liberate the body from its constraints correspond to reality in which we live, or does it only reproduce the existing patterns of power and authority?

Cyborg As the information systems of the world expand and flow into each other, and more people use them for more different things, it becomes harder to hold to pure or universal ideas about representation or information, about identity Representations of monsters / hybrids are a reflection of that experience of (ruptured) identity (imagined cyborgs in art and fiction, popular culture) Real cyborgs (technologies of health, beauty ...)

Cyborg Picture of possible unity Framework is rearrangement of social relations related to science & technology Current movement from organic, industrial society to a polymorphous, information society

Analyses of Cyborg AAA annual meetings: cyborg anthropology sessions (mid-1990s+) Cyborg Handbook (Gray 1995) The Cyborg Manifesto (Haraway 1985, 1991) historical images of cyborgs emerge at times of intense change that involve thinking of how humanity is impacted by technology (Gonzáles 1999)

‘Cyborg’ Source: www.prairiecon.com [accessed Sept. 25, 2002] courtesy of Sarah Oelker

‘Cyborg’ Source: google search for ‘cyborg’ [accessed Sept. 25, 2002] courtesy of Sarah Oelker

Cyborg Representations Grotesque images that involve imagining the relationships bw people and things that are interpenetrated Bad science fiction or crucial notion for understanding technoscience, and how the knowledge (of science and technology) is shaping lived experience

Source: google search for ‘cyborg’ [accessed Sept Source: google search for ‘cyborg’ [accessed Sept. 25, 2002] courtesy of Sarah Oelker

‘Cyborg’ Source: google search for ‘cyborg’ [accessed Sept. 25, 2002] courtesy of Sarah Oelker

‘Cyborg’ Source: google search for ‘cyborg’ [accessed Sept. 25, 2002] courtesy of Sarah Oelker

Cyborg Representations: Gonzáles Organic cyborg (monster of multiple species) Mechanical cyborg (techno-human amalgamation) Cyborg consciousness (abstract, amalgamated, hybrid) Cyborg body politics? -- Gendered cyborg? (social control over woman’s/man’s body) Why are robots not cyborgs? pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial cyborg

Cyborg Representations The notion of purity based on membership in a single, pristine racial, sexual, or even religious group does not hold in the ‘borderlands’ (the margins) that is populated by cyborgs Cyborgs are the iconography of modern experience (not natural, but mediated through technology) Why do they reflect a process of rethinking human nature? (use examples from your own search)

autonomous automaton simulacrum Realism (representation) Simulacrum = imitation, copy, resemblance, quasi, surrogate, contrived image

pre-industrial industrial post-industrial

Cyborg Representations: Gonzáles Cyborg images appear when the current model of a human being does not fit a new paradigm -- a hybrid model of existence is required to encompass a new, complex and contradictory lived experience -- the cyborg body becomes the historical record of change in human perception in the realm of fantasy How is the cyborg body reflecting modern experience in each of the cases that you can think of? What is the habitat of each of these beings?

Microbiology, tuberculosis Organic division of labour Sex Labour Mind “The dichotomies that reflect a shift from the comfortable old hierarchical domination to the new networks I call the Informatics of Domination” (Haraway, A Cyborg Manifesto (1991), 161 Representation Eugenics [biology] Hygiene Microbiology, tuberculosis Organic division of labour Sex Labour Mind Racial chain of being White Capitalist Patriarchy Simulation Population control Stress management Immunology, AIDS Ergonomics /cybernetics of labor Genetic Engineering Robotics Artificial Intelligence Neo-imperialism, United Nations humanism Informatics of Domination For Haraway, the hierarchical domination of the industrial age, is supplanted by the informatics of domination of the post-industrial age. In terms of historical framework, the industrial age spans the end of the World War II to find its expression in Star Wars. Simulation refers to artificial, contrived activities.

Informatics of Domination biotechnology & medicine have the power for liberation but in fact they do not reverse the existing patterns of power & authority if they are further strengthening the cultural definitions of gender through practice that involves male professional power and its inscription on a woman’s body through research guided by the commercial interests of ‘biotechnology-industrial complex’ technology extends social control over woman’s/man’s body differently

Cyborgs in art and life: fictional cyborgs Human with mechanical attributes: (4 look female; 6 look male) L’Horlogere (mechanical mistress) Number 18 (from Dragonball Z) Robocop The Bionic Woman Jax (from Mortal Kombat) 6 Million Dollar Man Molly and Dixie Flatline (from Neuromancer) Seven of Nine (from Star Trek) Machine with human attributes: (1 looks female; 4 look male; 1 can change its appearance) Data (from Star Trek) Terminator (Arnold Schwarzenegger in Terminator 1 or Terminator 2) Vicky (from Small Wonder) T-1000 (from Terminator 2) Andrew (from Bicentennial Man) D.A.R.Y.L Human with magical attributes (magic as another way of controlling nature): (1 male, 1 female) Harry Potter Fibi (from Charmed)

Cyborgs in art and life: real-life cyborgs Example: The technology involved: Wearable Computers Chips in clothes, cups Kevin Warwick Implant that records nerve impulses Steve Mann Electrodes and laser computer display in eye Artificial limbs Chips and gears to replace lost limb Stem Cell Research Transplants of nerve cells Rat Robots Rats w/ implants to control movement, feeling Cloned livestock Copies of animals, potentially used for food Plastic pods Lightweight barriers to seal off disease Florida “Cyborg Family” Microchip implants for tracking Tom Christerson AbioCor artificial heart Jens Artificial vision sensors to replace lost vision Lexus factory in Japan Robots doing most work; need human help Danielle Duval Microchip for tracking Stephen Hawking Motorized wheelchair and computer voice Xybernaut Wearable computer w/ display covering 1 eye “Cloned” virtual humans Computer-animated people based on real ones

Cyborg Representations List the organic (human) and inorganic (technological) characteristics of cyborgs you encountered. What was your response to these ‘beings’? Are they monsters, hybrids? What are they not?