RIMA Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis Oscar Ngesa Resilience Team for Eastern Africa Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Resilience measurement at FAO “Resilience is the capacity that ensures adverse stressors and shocks do not have long-lasting adverse development consequences”. (Resilience Measurement Technical Working Group, 2014) Resilience measurement at FAO Resilience is one of the most influential concepts in development studies and projects. The large use of the term ‘resilience’ is not always supported by a clear definition. While definitions vary, the measurement is very challenging.

RIMA is focused on household It is the unit within which the most important decisions to manage uncertain events are made Resilience measurement at FAO It is the unit that benefits the positive effects of policies and suffers for negative effects of shocks

Transformative Capacity Resilience Resilience constructs Absorptive Capacity Adaptive capacity Transformative Capacity

Resilience pillars Household resilience Operationalization of FSINs Adaptive, Transformative and Absorptive capacities Household resilience Resilience pillars Social safety nets (SSN) Access to basic services (ABS) Assets (AST) Adaptive capacity (AC)

Resilience pillars Resilience pillars Definition Variables Adaptive Capacity Adaptive Capacity is the ability of a household to adapt to a new situation and develop new strategies of livelihood Income Diversification, Coping strategies Index, Education of household head, education of female household members, education of male household members, Dependency Ratio Social Safety Nets The Social Safety Nets pillar measures the ability of households to access timely and reliable assistance provided by international agencies, charities, and NGOs, as well as help from relatives and friends. Access to Loans, Access to Formal/Informal transfers, Borrowing Frequency Assets Assets comprise both productive and non- productive assets. Examples of indicators include land, livestock and durables. Other tangible assets such as house, vehicle, and household amenities reflect living standards and wealth of a household. Land ownership, Agricultural Land Size, Livestock Ownership Access to Basic Services Access to Basic Services shows the ability of a household to meet basic needs, and access and effective use of basic services; e.g., access to schools, health facilities; infrastructures and markets. Access to safe Water, Access to safe Sanitation, Distance to Water Resilience pillars

Shocks The role of shocks Idiosyncratic shocks, such as livestock death, job loss and illness of a household member. These shocks are self- reported by households in surveys. Covariate shocks, which in turn are divided into: The role of shocks Climate shocks, such as droughts, floods, rainfalls and other natural hazards, registered through GIS (FAO-GIEWS); Conflict-related shocks, such as war, murders and social disorders (ACLED, UCDP/PRIO, HIIK), damages (OCHA); Market shocks, such as input/output price fluctuations (WFP)

What questions answers? Who is most in need? Where should investment focus in terms of geographical location? Which dimensions of resilience need to be supported? To what extent have interventions increased or decreased target populations’ resilience? What are the main determinants of food security? What questions answers?

FSNMS Nationwide analysis Application of RIMA on FSNMS data We use round 20 which has a Sample size of 6,231 and round 22 with a sample size of 7,263 Collected in June – July 2017 and June – August 2018 respectively FSNMS

Overall Resilience Pillars ( Round 20) Main Drivers of Resilience Capacity: Asset ownership and Social Safety Nets Initiatives to maintain and bolster household assets, livestock holdings are crucial to minimising asset depletion and enhancing food security outcomes.

Resilience Pillars by State The drivers of resilience vary by state and County Investments in resilience building capacity should take into account the unique drivers in each county/state

RCI by State based on FSNMS Round 20

RCI based FSNMS Round 20 vs Round 22 Data 4.8 % Increase in RCI between June 2017 and June 2018 Shift in Resilience Structure/drivers of resilience as in next slide

Drivers of Resilience based FSNMS Round 20 vs Round 22 Shift in the drivers/structure of resilience between the two periods Relevance of Assets and Access to Basic services Reduced reliance on Social Safety Nets

Conclusion Based on the analysis, we can impact on the pillars and their corresponding variables to achieve better resilience of the households and the communities The interventions target different livelihoods that are represented Resilience provides a promising approach to the humanitarian development nexus: households are empowered to be self reliant hence reducing future humanitarian assistance requirements A study commissioned by USAID in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia showed that investing in resilience reduces the amount required for HA by 30%, whilst also protecting billions of dollars of income and assets for those most affected (Centre for Resilience, 2017). Increasing the number of indicators required for resilience measurement and analysis in the FSNMS

Thank you! Thank you! Oscar.Nges@fao.org Sign up to get RIMA newsletter: FAO-RIMA@fao.org FUNDED BY Funded by: EUROPEAN UNION (EU)