Unit 1:4 The Age of Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1536)
Luther as a young monk
Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521)
Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)
An Indulgence that reads: “With the Authority of all Saints and with mercy for you, I free you of all sins and crimes and excuse you from all punishments for ten days.” – Johann Tetzel
Relic: Bone from St. Boniface
John Calvin’s Thoughts on Relics of the Holy Cross “There is no abbey so poor as not to have a specimen. In some places there are large fragments, as at the Holy Chapel in Paris, at Poictiers, and at Rome, where a good-sized crucifix is said to have been made of it. In brief, if all the pieces that could be found were collected together, they would make a big ship-load. Yet the Gospel testifies that a single man was able to carry it.” — Calvin, Traité Des Reliques.
Wittenberg, Germany
Luther’s 95 Theses
Excerpts from 95 Theses 1. When our Lord and Master, Jesus Christ, said "Repent", He called for the entire life of believers to be one of repentance. 6. The pope himself cannot remit guilt, but only declare and confirm that it has been remitted by God; or, at most, he can remit it in cases reserved to his discretion. Except for these cases, the guilt remains untouched. 27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money clinks in the bottom of the chest.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558)
Papal Bull of Luther’s Excommunication
Luther before the Diet of Worms
Wartburg Castle
Woodcut that displays what Luther’s enemies thought of him
Luther’s face and hands cast at his death
Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531
Philip of Hesse 1504-1567
The Marburg Colloquy
Thomas Müntzer Anabaptist Leader
John Calvin (1509-1564)
The English Reformation
King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)
Anne Boleyn (c. 1505-1536)
Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves
King Edward VI, son of Jane Seymour (r. 1547-1553)
Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr
Mary I of England r. 1553-1558
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) Painting by Peter Paul Rubens
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa of Avila by Bernini
Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Pope Paul III r. 1534-1549 1st to preside over Council of Trent
Engraving of Council of Trent
Philip Melanchthon 1497-1560 engraving by Dürer
Theodore Beza 1519-1605