Oral absorption and bioavailability of ichthyic origin chondroitin sulfate in healthy male volunteers N. Volpi Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume.

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Oral absorption and bioavailability of ichthyic origin chondroitin sulfate in healthy male volunteers N. Volpi Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 11, Issue 6, Pages 433-441 (June 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7

Fig. 1 SAX-HPLC chromatogram of unsaturated disaccharides of ichthyic and bovine CS. Non-sulfated (0s), 6-sulfated (6s), 4-sulfated (4s), 2,6-disulfated (2,6dis), 4,6-disulfated (4,6dis), 2,4-disulfated (2,4dis), and 2,4,6-trisulfated (tris) disaccharides. For structure see Fig. 1 and abbreviations. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)

Fig. 2 HPSEC of ichthyic CS. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)

Fig. 3 Agarose-gel electrophoresis of endogenous CS (predose, 0) and polysaccharide extracted and purified from subject 4 plasma after administration of ichthyic CS at various times. (a) 1μg CS. (b) 3μg CS. (c) 5μg CS. 0, Predose; 0.5, 0.5h; 1, 1h; 2, 2h; 4, 4h; 6, 6h; 8, 8h; 12, 12h; 16, 16h; 24, 24h; and 48, 48h. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)

Fig. 4 Mean (n=6) plasma concentration of endogenous CS (μg/ml plasma)26 and mean (n=20) plasma concentration of CS (μg/ml plasma) determined by validated agarose-gel electrophoresis and densitometric scanning at different times after administration of 4g ichthyic CS. Endogenous CS levels were assessed in a previous study26 and quantitatively determined by agarose-gel electrophoresis and densitometric scanning according to the analytical procedure illustrated above. The day time of blood samples started at 8 a.m. of day 1 (0h in the Figure). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)

Fig. 5 SAX-HPLC chromatogram of disaccharides of endogenous CS (predose, subject 1) and after 6h of oral administration of ichthyic CS (subject 18). 0s, non-sulfated disaccharide; 6s, 6-sulfated disaccharide; 4s, 4-sulfated disaccharide; and 2,6dis, 2,6-disulfated disaccharide. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)

Fig. 6 The relative percentage of unsaturated disaccharides in CS determined by HPLC in 20 healthy human volunteers at different times after administration of 4g ichthyic CS. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)

Fig. 7 Charge density (sulfate to disaccharide ratio) of CS determined in 20 healthy human volunteers at different times after administration of 4g ichthyic CS. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11, 433-441DOI: (10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00051-7)