Introduction to Genetics Complete Dominance

Golden Doodle A Brief History In the past, people did not understand how traits were inherited, but there were many guesses based on things that could be observed. Golden Doodle

Who was Gregor Mendel? He was known as the “FATHER OF GENETICS” He discovered how traits were inherited GENETICS – study of heredity (the passing of traits from parents to offspring)  

Mendel’s Peas Mendel did his study on pea plants which have many traits.

Some traits are dominant over others. Dominant: an allele that is expressed whenever it is present. It masks the effects of any other allele of that gene represented with a capital letter (eg. T = tall allele in pea) Alleles: the different forms of a gene Tall x Short = all tall offspring (hybrids) *Tall is the dominant trait

Some traits are recessive Short is recessive in pea plants. Recessive: an allele that is not expressed when a dominant allele for the gene is also present represented with a lower-case letter (eg. t – short allele in pea)   Individuals have two alleles - Ex. TT or tt or Tt

Explaining the Cross When a parent makes sperm or eggs, their genes separate         The GAMETES (egg or sperm) contain either a T allele (tall) or a t allele (short)

GENOTYPE  -  the set of alleles for a trait eg. TT, Tt, tt  PHENOTYPE   - what it looks like, outward appearance eg.tall, dimples, freckles

Homozygous: same alleles Eg. TT or tt Heterozygous: different alleles Eg. Tt (capital always comes first)

Punnett Squares Punnett Squares: Ex. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short) plant. What are the genotypes and phenotypes possible?  

Ex. A brown eyes heterozygous father is crossed with a blue eyes homozygous mother. Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes.   Brown eyes = Bb Blue eyes = bb What is the percentage/probability of the offspring being blue eyed? 2 blue eyes offspring = 1 = 50 % 4 offspring total 2

What does this letter actually represent? What is the diagram shown below called? What does this letter actually represent?

Check for understanding 1.  A one-eyed purple people eater is crossed with a two eyed purple people eater.  All of their offspring have two eyes.   Which trait is dominant?

2. If you use the letter E for this gene 2.  If you use the letter E for this gene.   What is the genotype of the offspring if the parents were EE x ee      3.  If you crossed the offspring with each other?  How many of the new offspring would you expect to have two eyes? EE = two eyes Ee = two eyes ee = one eye