Good afternoon. 1. Sit in your assigned seat from yesterday. 2 Good afternoon! 1. Sit in your assigned seat from yesterday. 2. Brainstorm 4-5 key things you think it takes to make a place or community CIVILIZED.

What Makes Us Civilized?

P. Political Organization

P. E. Political Organization Economy

P. E. R. Political Organization Economy Religion

P. E. R. S. Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes

P. E. R. S. I. Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology

P. E. R. S. I. A. Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology Art/Architecture

Mesopotamia: "Land Between the Two Rivers"

Mesopotamia Land Between Two Rivers

Crossroads of Three Continents

Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent

Unpredictable flooding No natural barriers for protection Limited natural resources Building materials and other necessary items were scarce

Sumerians 3000 BCE

Sumerian Political Organization Priests with religious and power Warrior kings Defense Dynasties City-states—Ur Laws Taxes Public Works Ziggurats Walled cities

Royal Standard of Ur What does this reveal about Mesopotamian culture? Depicts scenes of war and peace What does this reveal about Mesopotamian culture?

Economy Agriculture Trade Catastrophic floods Irrigation Canals Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat Trade

Mesopotamian Trade from Egypt to India

Sumerian Cylinder Seals Carved in reverse to leave a negative image. Used as receipts and to show ownership.

Religion Polytheistic Goddesses Afterlife Pessimistic

Society Social Hierarchy Kings, ruling family and Priests Merchants, scribes, lesser priests Peasant farmers Slaves

Sumerian Scribes Over 500 characters required years of schooling.

Innovations Cuneiform Canals, dams, irrigation Mud bricked walls Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow Number system Arches, columns, ramps Ziggurat

Cuneiform Wedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets Earliest form of writing

Deciphering Cuneiform

Babylonian Empires

Hammurabi the Judge

Hammurabi’s Code STELE