The Mechanics of Breathing

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Presentation transcript:

The Mechanics of Breathing

Organs of the respiratory system

What in this system might MOVE?

Steps to Mechanical Breathing Signal from the Respiratory Center of the Medulla oblongata sends signals to the two muscle groups.

Steps to Mechanical Breathing 2. The medulla oblongata sends a nerve impulse down the spinal chord to the phrenic nerve (to diaphragm) and the intercostal nerve (to ribs)

Steps to Mechanical Breathing 3. The diaphragm contracts moving the dome shaped muscle down (straightens). The intercostal muscles (rib muscles) contract to move the ribs up and out. Inhalation is active.

What do you notice? What do you wonder?

Steps to Mechanical Breathing 4. This causes a larger volume in the thoracic cavity which lowers the pressure. Air rushes in via the air passage.

Steps to Mechanical Breathing The lungs fill with air until the stretch receptors of the alveoli indicate that they are full.

Steps to Mechanical Breathing Gases move from a high concentration to a lower concentration O2 to bloodstream CO2 to alveoli

Ventilation: Quiet Breathing Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm and/or external intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and lungs recoil Thoracic volume increases Thoracic volume decreases Intrapleural pressure decreases Intrapleural pressure increases Lungs expand into lower pressure thoracic (pleural) cavity Lungs compressed by increased pressure in thoracic (pleural cavity) Diaphragm & external intercostals innervated by phrenic and intercostal nerves, respectively Relaxation of muscles is a passive process Intrapulmonary pressure decreases Intrapulmonary pressure increases Air moves in Air moves out Expiration is normally passive

Pleura and pleural fluid functions 1. Reduces friction Pleurisy – dry, inflamed pleurae 2. Creation of pressure gradient Pressure in cavity < atmospheric pressure; aids lung inflation 3. Compartmentalization Pleurae, mediastinum, pericardium separate; prevent infection from spreading easily to neighboring organs

Pleural cavity

Pneumothorax Often referred to as a collapsed lung Air collects between lung and visceral pleura Have to go into chase and remove trapped air, lung will be able to re-inflate

Pleurisy Fluid gets trapped between visceral and parietal pleura Challenging to breathe Can lead to infections

Pneumonia Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli Does not allow gases to move across from alveoli to capillaries Leads to bacterial infection in the lungs