Vancomycin Birgir Guðmundsson.

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Presentation transcript:

Vancomycin Birgir Guðmundsson

Saga Uppgötvað í jarðsýni frá borneó sem trúboði sendi á rannsóknarstofu 1953 Vegna vaxandi ónæmis baktería gegn penicillíni flýtt á markað 1958 Nefnt eftir orðinu “vanquish” (eyða) Var þó fljótt ýtt til hliðar sem first line meðferð vegna tilkomu nýrri ekki eins toxískum lyfjum Notað í sjúklingum með alvarleg beta laktam ofnæmi eða gegn bakteríum með ónæmi gegn öðrum lyfjum

Bygging og virkni Glycopeptide Um 1450 Da Framleitt af Streptomyces orientalis Hemur ensímið glýkópeptíð synþasa og þar með frumuveggsmyndun Gram pos baktería Bacteriocidal Vancomycin (Vancocin) is a complex tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces orientalis, The glycopeptides are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. They bind to the terminal carboxyl group on the Dalanyl- D-alanine terminus of the N-acetylglucosamine- N-acetylmuramic acid peptide and prevent polymerization of the linear peptidoglycan by peptidoglycan synthase.They are bactericidal in vitro. To be specific, vancomycin prevents incorporation of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) peptide subunits into the peptidoglycan matrix; which forms the major structural component of Gram-positive cell walls.

Pharmacokinetic Frásogast illa frá meltingarvegi Verður að gefa oralt eða IV Barnaskammtar 15-20 mg/kg/d á 12 klst fresti Dreifist en kemst ekki gegnum heilahimnur nema bólga sé til staðar. Prótein binding 55% Helmingunartími Nýburar 6-10 klst, 3 mán-4 ára 4 klst, eldri börn 2-3 klst, fullorðnir 5-11 klst Útskilnaður 90% um nýru Nýrnabilun eykur helmingunartíma

Pharmacodynamic Concentration independent virkni Fylgjast með styrk? Deilt hvort nauðsynlegt Meðferðarmörk 5-15 mcg/ml Halda undir 60 mcg/ml Magn háð virkni ef yfir MIC en tíma háð áhrif ef undir MIC

Þröngvirkt sýklalyf Gott gegn gram pos bakteríum Staphylococci Streptococci Enterococci Clostridium Bacillus Corynebacterium Virkar illa gegn Gram neikvæðum bakteríum Kemst ekki gegnum frumuvegginn

Helstu ábendingar Vanalega eru beta laktam lyf sem baktería er næm gegn betri Er því gott gegn beta laktam resistant bakteríum Drug of “last resort” MRSA og MRSE Staphylococcal enterocolitis eða endocarditis Með amínóglýkósíði gegn enterococcal endocarditis C. Difficile sem er ónæmur gegn metronidazole

Aðrar ábendingar Bein og liðsýkingar MTK MRSA pyogenic arthritis og osteomyelitis MTK Gram + varnandi vegna neurokirurgiu Heila abcessar Penicillin res S. Pneumonae meningitis MRSA bacteremia í ónæmisbældum Húð abcessar, cellulitis, myositis og fasciitis tengd MRSA MRSA tengd lungnabólga

Aukaverkanir Algengt: Verkur og thrombophlebitis Nú hreinari vancomycin afleiður en áður og talið lítið toxískt en tengist þó: Nephrotoxicity Aukið með samfara notkun amínóglýkósíða Ototoxískt Red man syndrome Histamín losun Gefa vancomycin hægt  1 klst (max 10mg/min ef skammtur >500 mg)

Rétt notkun Eru að koma upp ónæmir stofnar sem hamla notkun þess Vancomycin resistant stofnar Vancomycin resistant enterococcus 1987 Vancomycin intermediate S. Aureus Vancomycin resistant S. Aureus Ekki nota nema rétt ábending! Another negative effect of vancomycin use over the years has been a relative increase S aureus resistance [33–37]. Vancomycin therapy results in cell-wall thickening of S aureus strains, of both methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin-mediated cell-wall thickening results in ‘‘permeability mediated’’ resistance to vancomycin as well as to other anti-MSSA and anti-MRSA antibiotics [38–42]. Vancomycin-induced ‘‘permeability-mediated’’ resistance is manifested microbiologically by increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and clinically by delayed resolution or therapeutic failure in treating staphylococcal bacteremias or acute bacterial endocarditis

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