Connecting Things Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa. Cellular Mobile IoT Cellular Multi – Tier networks

Connecting Things Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa. Cellular Mobile IoT Cellular Multi – Tier networks

Connecting Things Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa. Cellular Mobile IoT Cellular Multi – Tier networks

Connecting Things Data must travel from devices which are immersed in the urban environment toward information sinks, and vice versa. Cellular Mobile IoT Cellular Multi – Tier networks

Cellular Mobile for IoT Legacy of Mobile Telecom stems in Human communication (calls/sms) IoT calls for Machine-to-Machine communication (M2M or MTC) More devices Periodic access or EXTREMELY urgent low data rates

Cellular Mobile for IoT GSM/GPRS and Edge Radio Access Networks (GERAN) two complementary approaches to make GSM more efficient for M2M an evolutionary a clean-slate

Cellular Mobile for IoT evolutionary Maintain structure & compliance but increase uplink capacity, extend downlink coverage Control and data channels, reduce power consumption complexity of M2M devices

Cellular Mobile for IoT Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM). uplink: Frequency Division Multiple Access with Code Division Multiple Access, Coverage extension: for blind repetition (higher receiving gains) Other enhancements: new control messages (smaller payload sizes) a new lower power class.

Cellular Mobile for IoT clean-slate re-farming of the GSM spectrum to support a brand new narrowband air interface compatible with GSM channelization of 200 kHz NarrowBand Cellular IoT (NB-CIoT) Downlink: OFDMA Uplink sub-channels are FDM Channel bondin Full-duplex operation

Cellular Mobile for IoT LTE? LTE Rel-11 has focused on RAN overload functionalities to handle the access of large numbers of M2M devices, and on device power differentiation. LTE Rel-12 introduced low-cost M2M devices with reduced capability, Category 0 devices. EPS – enhance power saving DRX – discontinuous reception LTE Rel-13 better response toM2M requirements leading to the so- called LTE forM2M

IoT-Dedicated Cellular Networks reduced energy consumption Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) “global” reach plug-and-play connectivity Star topology around a BS

IoT-Dedicated Cellular Networks

LoRa WAN Frequency agnostic (can operate on ISM bands) Key at PHY: CSS modulation MAC: three operation modes Class A operation (baseline - lowest power, end device requiring limited downlink communications from the base stations) Uplink: ALOHA-like access Downlink two short receiving time-windows which follow each uplink transmission. ACK optional Class B devices same ALOHA-like access protocol for the uplink, plus: additional receiving time windows with respect to class A devices. periodically broadcast a beacon message to synchronize the field devices so that they can schedule in time the required additional receiving time- windows. downlink multicast transmissions Class C devices same ALOHA-like access protocol for the uplink, plus almost continuous receiving time windows. multicast transmissions.

Multi-tier Architectures Layered design Things are used both to sense data and to form the network infrastructure, in a multi- hop/mesh fashion. Data collected from such devices is then generally forwarded to a central collection point (gateway, concentrator), which then conveys such data to the Internet through other technologies. multi-hop transmission is needed to compensate extremely low power consumption exhibited by such solutions limited radio range may cause to use more devices than what is actually needed, just for ensuring connectivity.

Multi-tier Architectures

IEEE 802.15.4 specified for wireless personal area networks Originally, DSSS modulation, allowing a data rate of 20, 40 and 250 kbps Band dependent! MAC: CSMA/CA Zigbee star, tree and mesh topologies, and two types of devices Lower energy consumption Secure communication 6LoWPAN specifies a set of rules to apply the IP protocol to low-power devices for the Internet-of-Things. Clearly, such integration allows for easy interoperability with other types of IP-enabled devices (e.g., WiFi based) and the Internet. Mapping the IP network layer to the 802.15.4 lowest layers requires several functionalities, all provided by 6LoWPAN: packet size adaptation, header compression, address resolution and management, routing and security.

BLE Bluetooth Low-Enegry battery-powered devices for a long period of time. GFSK modulation with rate data rate of 1 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. 40 different channels are available (3 advertising channels (carefully chosen in order to minimize interference withWiFi) and 37 data channels). The BLE protocol stack is tailored to easy integration with IPv6, supporting packet fragmentation and providing basic security primitives. Only star topology (no mesh networks), therefore limiting its application to real- life scenarios. Recently, Bluetooth SIG launched a study group to define an industry standard BLE mesh protocol. This should close the gap between BLE and mesh-capable protocols such asIEEE 802.15.4 and Z-Wave.